PMID- 33639388
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210317
LR  - 20210317
IS  - 1879-2448 (Electronic)
IS  - 0043-1354 (Linking)
VI  - 194
DP  - 2021 Apr 15
TI  - How a water-resources crisis highlights social-ecological disconnects.
PG  - 116937
LID - S0043-1354(21)00135-4 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116937 [doi]
AB  - The sustainable management of water resources is required to avoid water scarcity 
      becoming widespread. This article explores the potential application of a 
      social-ecological framework, used predominantly in the fields of ecology and 
      conservation, as a tool to improve the sustainability and resilience of water 
      resources. The "red-loop green-loop" (RL-GL) model has previously been used to 
      map both sustainable and unsustainable social-ecological feedbacks between 
      ecosystems and their communities in countries such as Sweden and Jamaica. In this 
      article, we demonstrate the novel application of the RL-GL framework to water 
      resources management using the 2017/18 Cape Town water crisis. We used the 
      framework to analyse the social-ecological dynamics of pre-crisis and planned 
      contingency scenarios. We found that the water resources management system was 
      almost solely reliant on a single, non-ecosystem form of infrastructure, the 
      provincial dam system. As prolonged drought impacted this key water resource, 
      resilience to resource collapse was shown to be low and a missing feedback 
      between the water resource and the Cape Town community was highlighted. The 
      collapse of water resources ("Day Zero") was averted through a combination of 
      government and community group led measures, incorporating both local ecosystem 
      (green-loop) and non-local ecosystem (red-loop) forms of water resource 
      management, and increased rainfall returning to the area. Additional disaster 
      management plans proposed by the municipality included the tighter integration of 
      red and green-loop water management approaches, which acted to foster a stronger 
      connection between the Cape Town community and their water resources. We advocate 
      the wider development and application of the RL-GL model, theoretically and 
      empirically, to investigate missing feedbacks between water resources and their 
      communities.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Gittins, Joshua R
AU  - Gittins JR
AD  - Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom; 
      Natural Resources Wales, Cambria House, Cardiff, Wales, UK. Electronic address: 
      j.gittins1@lancaster.ac.uk.
FAU - Hemingway, Jack R
AU  - Hemingway JR
AD  - Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom. 
      Electronic address: j.hemingway@lancaster.ac.uk.
FAU - Dajka, Jan-Claas
AU  - Dajka JC
AD  - Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Oldenburg, Germany. 
      Electronic address: jan-claas.dajka@hifmb.de.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210216
PL  - England
TA  - Water Res
JT  - Water research
JID - 0105072
RN  - 059QF0KO0R (Water)
SB  - IM
MH  - Cities
MH  - Conservation of Natural Resources
MH  - *Ecosystem
MH  - South Africa
MH  - Sweden
MH  - Water
MH  - *Water Resources
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Feedbacks
OT  - Red-loop green-loop model
OT  - Social-ecological
OT  - Water crisis
OT  - Water resources management
COIS- Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2021/02/28 06:00
MHDA- 2021/03/18 06:00
CRDT- 2021/02/27 20:11
PHST- 2020/09/15 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/12/20 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/02/13 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/02/28 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/03/18 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/02/27 20:11 [entrez]
AID - S0043-1354(21)00135-4 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116937 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Water Res. 2021 Apr 15;194:116937. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116937. Epub 2021 
      Feb 16.