PMID- 33670662
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20210310
IS  - 1424-8220 (Electronic)
IS  - 1424-8220 (Linking)
VI  - 21
IP  - 4
DP  - 2021 Feb 18
TI  - Design and Implementation of a Real-Time Multi-Beam Sonar System Based on FPGA 
      and DSP.
LID - 10.3390/s21041425 [doi]
LID - 1425
AB  - Aiming at addressing the contradiction between the high-speed real-time 
      positioning and multi-channel signal processing in multi-beam sonar systems, in 
      this work we present a real-time multi-beam sonar system based on a Field 
      Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and Digital Signal Processing (DSP) from two 
      perspectives, i.e., hardware implementation and software optimization. In terms 
      of hardware, an efficient high-voltage pulse transmitting module and a 
      multi-channel data acquisition module with time versus gain (TVG) compensation 
      with characteristics such as low noise and high phase amplitude consistency, are 
      proposed. In terms of algorithms, we study three beamforming methods, namely 
      delay-and-sum (D&S), direct-method (DM) and Chirp Zeta Transform (CZT). We 
      compare the computational efficiency of DM and CZT in the digital domain. In 
      terms of software, according to the transmission bandwidth of the Gigabit 
      Ethernet and a serial rapid IO (SRIO) interface, the data transmission paths of 
      the acquired data and the beam pattern between the FPGA, the DSP, and a personal 
      computer (PC) are planned. A master-slave multi-core pipelined signal processing 
      architecture is designed based on DSP, which enhances the data throughput of the 
      signal processor by seven times as compared with that of the single-core 
      operation. The experimental results reveal that the sound source level of the 
      transmitting module is around 190.25 dB, the transmitting beam width is 64 degrees  x 
      64 degrees , the background noise of the acquisition module is less than 4 muVrms, the 
      amplitude consistency error of each channel is less than -6.55 dB, and the phase 
      consistency error is less than 0.2 degrees . It is noteworthy that the beam number of the 
      sonar system is 90 x 90, the scanning angle interval is 0.33 degrees , the working 
      distance ranges from 5 m to 40 m, and the maximum distance resolution is 0.384 m. 
      In the positioning experiment performed in this work; the 3-D real-time position 
      of the baffle placed in the detection sector is realized. Please note that the 
      maximum deviation of azimuth is 2 degrees , the maximum deviation of elevation is 2.3 degrees , 
      and the maximum distance deviation is 0.379 m.
FAU - Tian, Haowen
AU  - Tian H
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6178-5399
AD  - Key Laboratory of Acoustics Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, 
      China.
FAU - Guo, Shixu
AU  - Guo S
AD  - Key Laboratory of Acoustics Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, 
      China.
FAU - Zhao, Peng
AU  - Zhao P
AD  - Key Laboratory of Acoustics Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, 
      China.
FAU - Gong, Minyu
AU  - Gong M
AD  - Key Laboratory of Acoustics Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, 
      China.
FAU - Shen, Chao
AU  - Shen C
AD  - Key Laboratory of Acoustics Research, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, 
      China.
LA  - eng
GR  - 11904346/National Natural Science Foundation of China/
GR  - LQ19A040004/Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210218
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Sensors (Basel)
JT  - Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101204366
SB  - IM
PMC - PMC7922857
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - 3-D positioning multibeam sonar
OT  - DSP
OT  - FPGA
OT  - array signal processing
OT  - beamforming algorithm
OT  - hardware implementation
OT  - multicore pipeline architecture
OT  - real-time system
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/03/07 06:00
MHDA- 2021/03/07 06:01
PMCR- 2021/02/18
CRDT- 2021/03/06 01:08
PHST- 2021/01/30 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/02/15 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/02/17 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/03/06 01:08 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/03/07 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/03/07 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/02/18 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - s21041425 [pii]
AID - sensors-21-01425 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/s21041425 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Sensors (Basel). 2021 Feb 18;21(4):1425. doi: 10.3390/s21041425.