PMID- 33672590
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210723
LR  - 20210723
IS  - 2218-273X (Electronic)
IS  - 2218-273X (Linking)
VI  - 11
IP  - 2
DP  - 2021 Feb 20
TI  - Molecular and Biochemical Pathways of Catalpol in Alleviating Diabetes Mellitus 
      and Its Complications.
LID - 10.3390/biom11020323 [doi]
LID - 323
AB  - Catalpol isolated from Rehmannia glutinosa is a potent antioxidant and 
      investigated against many disorders. This review appraises the key molecular 
      pathways of catalpol against diabetes mellitus and its complications. Multiple 
      search engines including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct were used to 
      retrieve publications containing the keywords "Catalpol", "Type 1 diabetes 
      mellitus", "Type 2 diabetes mellitus", and "diabetic complications". Catalpol 
      promotes IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/GLUT2 activity and suppresses Phosphoenolpyruvate 
      carboxykinase (PEPCK) and Glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) expression in the liver. 
      Catalpol induces myogenesis by increasing MyoD/MyoG/MHC expression and improves 
      mitochondria function through the AMPK/PGC-1alpha/PPAR-gamma and TFAM signaling in 
      skeletal muscles. Catalpol downregulates the pro-inflammatory markers and 
      upregulates the anti-inflammatory markers in adipose tissues. Catalpol exerts 
      antioxidant properties through increasing superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase 
      (cat), and glutathione peroxidase (gsh-px) activity in the pancreas and liver. 
      Catalpol has been shown to have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, 
      anti-apoptosis, and anti-fibrosis properties that in turn bring beneficial 
      effects in diabetic complications. Its nephroprotective effect is related to the 
      modulation of the AGE/RAGE/NF-kappaB and TGF-beta/smad2/3 pathways. Catalpol produces a 
      neuroprotective effect by increasing the expression of protein Kinase-C (PKC) and 
      Cav-1. Furthermore, catalpol exhibits a cardioprotective effect through the 
      apelin/APJ and ROS/NF-kappaB/Neat1 pathway. Catalpol stimulates proliferation and 
      differentiation of osteoblast cells in high glucose condition. Lastly, catalpol 
      shows its potential in preventing neurodegeneration in the retina with NF-kappaB 
      downregulation. Overall, catalpol exhibits numerous beneficial effects on 
      diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications.
FAU - Bhattamisra, Subrat Kumar
AU  - Bhattamisra SK
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7886-2909
AD  - Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical 
      University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
FAU - Koh, Hui Min
AU  - Koh HM
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-2840-2330
AD  - School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 
      57000, Malaysia.
FAU - Lim, Shin Yean
AU  - Lim SY
AD  - School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 
      57000, Malaysia.
FAU - Choudhury, Hira
AU  - Choudhury H
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International 
      Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
FAU - Pandey, Manisha
AU  - Pandey M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8249-9743
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International 
      Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia.
LA  - eng
GR  - BP I-02-2019(11)/International Medical University/
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210220
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Biomolecules
JT  - Biomolecules
JID - 101596414
RN  - 0 (Antioxidants)
RN  - 0 (Hypoglycemic Agents)
RN  - 0 (Iridoid Glucosides)
RN  - 0 (NF-kappa B)
RN  - 0 (NF-kappa B p50 Subunit)
RN  - 0 (NFKB1 protein, human)
RN  - 2415-24-9 (catalpol)
RN  - EC 4.1.1.49 (PCK2 protein, human)
RN  - EC 4.1.1.49 (Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP))
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Antioxidants/metabolism/*pharmacology
MH  - Cell Differentiation
MH  - Cell Proliferation
MH  - Diabetes Complications
MH  - Diabetes Mellitus/*drug therapy
MH  - Diabetic Nephropathies/*metabolism
MH  - Homeostasis
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
MH  - Iridoid Glucosides/*pharmacology
MH  - Liver/metabolism
MH  - Mice
MH  - Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
MH  - NF-kappa B/metabolism
MH  - NF-kappa B p50 Subunit/biosynthesis
MH  - Neurodegenerative Diseases/drug therapy
MH  - Osteoblasts/drug effects/metabolism
MH  - Pancreas/metabolism
MH  - Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
MH  - Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP)/metabolism
MH  - Rehmannia/metabolism
MH  - Retina/drug effects
MH  - Signal Transduction
PMC - PMC7924042
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - catalpol
OT  - diabetes complications
OT  - type-1 diabetes mellitus
OT  - type-2 diabetes mellitus
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/03/07 06:00
MHDA- 2021/07/24 06:00
PMCR- 2021/02/20
CRDT- 2021/03/06 01:13
PHST- 2021/01/27 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/02/14 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/02/15 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/03/06 01:13 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/03/07 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/07/24 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/02/20 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - biom11020323 [pii]
AID - biomolecules-11-00323 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/biom11020323 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Biomolecules. 2021 Feb 20;11(2):323. doi: 10.3390/biom11020323.