PMID- 33680980
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210617
LR  - 20210617
IS  - 2235-2988 (Electronic)
IS  - 2235-2988 (Linking)
VI  - 10
DP  - 2020
TI  - The Trojan Horse Model in Paracoccidioides: A Fantastic Pathway to Survive 
      Infecting Human Cells.
PG  - 605679
LID - 10.3389/fcimb.2020.605679 [doi]
LID - 605679
AB  - Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is the most relevant systemic endemic mycosis 
      limited to Latin American countries. The etiological agents are thermally 
      dimorphic species of the genus Paracoccidioides. Infection occurs via respiratory 
      tract by inhalation of propagules from the environmental (saprophytic) phase. In 
      the lung alveoli the fungus converts to the characteristic yeast phase 
      (parasitic) where interact with extracellular matrix proteins, epithelial cells, 
      and the host cellular immunity. The response involves phagocytic cells 
      recognition but intracellular Paracoccidioides have demonstrated the ability to 
      survive and also multiply inside the neutrophils, macrophages, giant cells, and 
      dendritic cells. Persistence of Paracoccidioides as facultative intracellular 
      pathogen is important in terms of the fungal load but also regarding to the 
      possibility to disseminate penetrating other tissues even protected by the 
      phagocytes. This strategy to invade other organs via transmigration of infected 
      phagocytes is called Trojan horse mechanism and it was also described for other 
      fungi and considered a factor of pathogenicity. This mini review comprises a 
      literature revision of the spectrum of tools and mechanisms displayed by 
      Paracoccidioides to overcame phagocytosis, discusses the Trojan horse model and 
      the immunological context in proven models or the possibility that 
      Paracoccidioides apply this tool for dissemination to other tissues.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 Giusiano.
FAU - Giusiano, Gustavo
AU  - Giusiano G
AD  - Mycology Department, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Universidad Nacional del 
      Nordeste, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), 
      Resistencia, Argentina.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210211
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Cell Infect Microbiol
JT  - Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology
JID - 101585359
SB  - IM
MH  - Humans
MH  - Neutrophils
MH  - *Paracoccidioides
MH  - *Paracoccidioidomycosis
MH  - Phagocytes
MH  - Virulence
PMC - PMC7928272
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Paracoccidioidomycosis
OT  - dissemination
OT  - immune response evasion
OT  - internalized parasitic cells
OT  - transmigration
COIS- The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any 
      commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential 
      conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/03/09 06:00
MHDA- 2021/06/22 06:00
PMCR- 2020/01/01
CRDT- 2021/03/08 05:55
PHST- 2020/09/12 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/12/30 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/03/08 05:55 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/03/09 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/06/22 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2020/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.3389/fcimb.2020.605679 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021 Feb 11;10:605679. doi: 
      10.3389/fcimb.2020.605679. eCollection 2020.