PMID- 33732737
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20210320
IS  - 2297-1769 (Print)
IS  - 2297-1769 (Electronic)
IS  - 2297-1769 (Linking)
VI  - 8
DP  - 2021
TI  - Reference Intervals for Hematology and Clinical Chemistry for the African 
      Elephant (Loxodonta africana).
PG  - 599387
LID - 10.3389/fvets.2021.599387 [doi]
LID - 599387
AB  - The African elephant (Loxodonta africana) is listed as vulnerable, with wild 
      populations threatened by habitat loss and poaching. Clinical pathology is used 
      to detect and monitor disease and injury, however existing reference interval 
      (RI) studies for this species have been performed with outdated analytical 
      methods, small sample sizes or using only managed animals. The aim of this study 
      was to generate hematology and clinical chemistry RIs, using samples from the 
      free-ranging elephant population in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. 
      Hematology RIs were derived from EDTA whole blood samples automatically analyzed 
      (n = 23); manual PCV measured from 48 samples; and differential cell count 
      results (n = 51) were included. Clinical chemistry RIs were generated from the 
      results of automated analyzers on stored serum samples (n = 50). Reference 
      intervals were generated according to American Society for Veterinary Clinical 
      Pathology guidelines with a strict exclusion of outliers. Hematology RIs were: 
      PCV 34-49%, RBC 2.80-3.96 x 10(12)/L, HGB 116-163 g/L, MCV 112-134 fL, MCH 
      35.5-45.2 pg, MCHC 314-364 g/L, PLT 182-386 x 10(9)/L, WBC 7.5-15.2 x 10(9)/L, 
      segmented heterophils 1.5-4.0 x 10(9)/L, band heterophils 0.0-0.2 x 10(9)/L, 
      total monocytes 3.6-7.6 x 10(9)/L (means for "regular" were 35.2%, bilobed 8.6%, 
      round 3.9% of total leukocytes), lymphocytes 1.1-5.5 x 10(9)/L, eosinophils 
      0.0-0.9 x 10(9)/L, basophils 0.0-0.1 x 10(9)/L. Clinical chemistry RIs were: 
      albumin 41-55 g/L, ALP 30-122 U/L, AST 9-34 U/L, calcium 2.56-3.02 mmol/L, CK 
      85-322 U/L, GGT 7-16 U/L, globulin 30-59 g/L, magnesium 1.15-1.70 mmol/L, 
      phosphorus 1.28-2.31 mmol/L, total protein 77-109 g/L, urea 1.2-4.6 mmol/L. 
      Reference intervals were narrower than those reported in other studies. These RI 
      will be helpful in the future management of injured or diseased elephants in 
      national parks and zoological settings.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 Steyrer, Miller, Hewlett, Buss and Hooijberg.
FAU - Steyrer, Christine
AU  - Steyrer C
AD  - Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 
      Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South 
      Africa.
FAU - Miller, Michele
AU  - Miller M
AD  - Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Science and 
      Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB 
      Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, South African Medical Research 
      Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 
      South Africa.
FAU - Hewlett, Jennie
AU  - Hewlett J
AD  - Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Centre 
      for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
FAU - Buss, Peter
AU  - Buss P
AD  - Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Centre 
      for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
AD  - Veterinary Wildlife Services, South African National Parks, Skukuza, South 
      Africa.
FAU - Hooijberg, Emma H
AU  - Hooijberg EH
AD  - Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, 
      Centre for Veterinary Wildlife Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South 
      Africa.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210301
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Front Vet Sci
JT  - Frontiers in veterinary science
JID - 101666658
PMC - PMC7959782
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - African elephant
OT  - Loxodonta africana
OT  - VetScan VS2
OT  - hematology
OT  - leukocyte morphology
OT  - reference intervals
OT  - serum chemistry
COIS- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any 
      commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential 
      conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/03/19 06:00
MHDA- 2021/03/19 06:01
PMCR- 2021/01/01
CRDT- 2021/03/18 06:52
PHST- 2020/08/27 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/02/01 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/03/18 06:52 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/03/19 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/03/19 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.3389/fvets.2021.599387 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Front Vet Sci. 2021 Mar 1;8:599387. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.599387. eCollection 
      2021.