PMID- 33740605
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210420
LR  - 20210420
IS  - 1873-6424 (Electronic)
IS  - 0269-7491 (Linking)
VI  - 278
DP  - 2021 Jun 1
TI  - Seaweeds fast EDC bioremediation: Supporting evidence of EE2 and BPA degradation 
      by the red seaweed Gracilaria sp., and a proposed model for the remedy of 
      marine-borne phenol pollutants.
PG  - 116853
LID - S0269-7491(21)00435-8 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116853 [doi]
AB  - In the last few decades, Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) have taken 
      significant roles in creating harmful effects to aquatic organisms. Many proposed 
      treatment applications are time consuming, expensive and focus mainly on waste 
      water treatment plants (WWTP), which are indeed a major aquatic polluting source. 
      Nonetheless, the marine environment is the ultimate sink of many pollutants, e.g. 
      EDCs, and has been largely neglected mainly due to the challenge in treating such 
      salty and immense open natural ecosystems. In this study we describe the 
      bromination and the yet unpresented degradation process of high concentrations 
      (5 mg/L) of phenolic EDCs, by the marine red macroalgaeGracilaria sp. As shown, 
      17alpha-Ethinylestradiol (EE2), a well-known contraceptive drug, and one of the most 
      persistent phenol EDCs in the environment, was eliminated from both the medium 
      and tissues of the macroalga, in addition to the degradation of all metabolites 
      as verified by the nil estrogenic activity recorded in the medium. Validation of 
      the proposed bromination-degradation route was reinforced by identifying 
      Bisphenol A (BPA) brominated degradation products only, following 168H of 
      incubation in the presence of Gracilaria sp. As demonstrated in this assay for 
      EE2, BPA and finally for paracetamol, it is likely that the phenol scavenging 
      activity is nonspecific and, thus, possibly even a wider scope of various other 
      phenol-based pollutants might be treated in coastal waters. As far as we know, 
      Gracilaria sp. is the only marine sessile organism able of degrading various 
      phenol based pollutants. The worldwide distribution of many Gracilaria species 
      and their wide aquaculture knowhow, suggest that bioremediation based on these 
      seaweeds is a possible cost effective progressive solution to the treatment of a 
      wide scope of phenols at the marine environment.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Astrahan, Peleg
AU  - Astrahan P
AD  - Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, Ltd. The Yigal Alon Kinneret 
      Limnological Laboratory, Israel. Electronic address: peleg.astrahan@ocean.org.il.
FAU - Korzen, Leor
AU  - Korzen L
AD  - Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, Ltd. The National Institute of 
      Oceanography. Tel Shikmona 8030, Haifa, 31080, Israel.
FAU - Khanin, Marina
AU  - Khanin M
AD  - Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion 
      University of the Negev, Ben-Gurion Blvd, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.
FAU - Sharoni, Yoav
AU  - Sharoni Y
AD  - Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion 
      University of the Negev, Ben-Gurion Blvd, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.
FAU - Israel, Alvaro
AU  - Israel A
AD  - Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research, Ltd. The National Institute of 
      Oceanography. Tel Shikmona 8030, Haifa, 31080, Israel.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210302
PL  - England
TA  - Environ Pollut
JT  - Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
JID - 8804476
RN  - 0 (Benzhydryl Compounds)
RN  - 0 (Endocrine Disruptors)
RN  - 0 (Environmental Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Phenols)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
RN  - 339NCG44TV (Phenol)
SB  - IM
MH  - Benzhydryl Compounds
MH  - Biodegradation, Environmental
MH  - Ecosystem
MH  - *Endocrine Disruptors/analysis
MH  - *Environmental Pollutants
MH  - *Gracilaria
MH  - Phenol
MH  - Phenols/analysis
MH  - *Seaweed
MH  - *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Biodegradation
OT  - Gracilaria sp
OT  - Marine organic pollution
OT  - Phenol EDCs
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2021/03/20 06:00
MHDA- 2021/04/21 06:00
CRDT- 2021/03/19 20:19
PHST- 2020/11/05 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/02/07 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/02/23 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/03/20 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/04/21 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/03/19 20:19 [entrez]
AID - S0269-7491(21)00435-8 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116853 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Pollut. 2021 Jun 1;278:116853. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116853. Epub 
      2021 Mar 2.