PMID- 33753913
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220316
LR  - 20230131
IS  - 1476-5438 (Electronic)
IS  - 1018-4813 (Print)
IS  - 1018-4813 (Linking)
VI  - 29
IP  - 8
DP  - 2021 Aug
TI  - Analysis of HLA gene polymorphisms in East Africans reveals evidence of gene flow 
      in two Semitic populations from Sudan.
PG  - 1259-1271
LID - 10.1038/s41431-021-00845-6 [doi]
AB  - Sudan, a northeastern African country, is characterized by high levels of 
      cultural, linguistic, and genetic diversity, which is believed to be affected by 
      continuous migration from neighboring countries. Consistent with such demographic 
      effect, genome-wide SNP data revealed a shared ancestral component among Sudanese 
      Afro-Asiatic speaking groups and non-African populations, mainly from West Asia. 
      Although this component is shared among all Afro-Asiatic speaking groups, the 
      extent of this sharing in Semitic groups, such as Sudanese Arab, is still 
      unknown. Using genotypes of six polymorphic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes 
      (i.e., HLA-A, -C, -B, -DRB1, -DQB1, and -DPB1), we examined the genetic structure 
      of eight East African ethnic groups with origins in Sudan, South Sudan, and 
      Ethiopia. We identified informative HLA alleles using principal component 
      analysis, which revealed that the two Semitic groups (Gaalien and Shokrya) 
      constituted a distinct cluster from the other Afro-Asiatic speaking groups in 
      this study. The HLA alleles that distinguished Semitic Arabs co-exist in the same 
      extended HLA haplotype, and those alleles are in strong linkage disequilibrium. 
      Interestingly, we find the four-locus haplotype 
      "C*12:02-B*52:01-DRB1*15:02-DQB1*06:01" exclusively in non-African populations 
      and it is widely spread across Asia. The identification of this haplotype 
      suggests a gene flow from Asia, and likely these haplotypes were brought to 
      Africa through back migration from the Near East. These findings will be of 
      interest to biomedical and anthropological studies that examine the demographic 
      history of northeast Africa.
CI  - (c) 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to European Society of Human 
      Genetics.
FAU - Aamer, Waleed
AU  - Aamer W
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1324-3509
AD  - Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, 
      National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
AD  - Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 
      Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
AD  - Human Genetics Department, Precision Medicine Program, Research Branch, Sidra 
      Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
FAU - Hassan, Hisham Y
AU  - Hassan HY
AD  - Banoon ART and Cytogenetics Centre, Bahrain Defence Force Hospital, Riffa, 
      Kingdom of Bahrain.
FAU - Nakaoka, Hirofumi
AU  - Nakaoka H
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-8454-1159
AD  - Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, 
      National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
AD  - Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 
      Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan.
AD  - Department of Cancer Genome Research, Sasaki Institute, Sasaki Foundation, 
      Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
FAU - Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi
AU  - Hosomichi K
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2712-1825
AD  - Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 
      Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
FAU - Jaeger, Martin
AU  - Jaeger M
AD  - Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, 
      Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
FAU - Tahir, Hanan
AU  - Tahir H
AD  - Public and Tropical Health Programmes, University of Medical Sciences and 
      Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.
FAU - Abdelraheem, Mohammed H
AU  - Abdelraheem MH
AD  - Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health 
      Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.
FAU - Netea, Mihai G
AU  - Netea MG
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2421-6052
AD  - Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, 
      Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
AD  - Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute 
      (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
FAU - Inoue, Ituro
AU  - Inoue I
AD  - Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, 
      National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan. itinoue@nig.ac.jp.
AD  - Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 
      Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan. itinoue@nig.ac.jp.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20210322
PL  - England
TA  - Eur J Hum Genet
JT  - European journal of human genetics : EJHG
JID - 9302235
RN  - 0 (HLA-D Antigens)
SB  - IM
MH  - Arabs/genetics
MH  - Asian People/genetics
MH  - Black People/genetics
MH  - *Gene Flow
MH  - Gene Frequency
MH  - HLA-D Antigens/*genetics
MH  - Human Migration
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
MH  - Sudan
PMC - PMC8384866
COIS- The authors declare no competing interests.
EDAT- 2021/03/24 06:00
MHDA- 2022/03/17 06:00
PMCR- 2022/08/01
CRDT- 2021/03/23 06:51
PHST- 2020/06/27 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/02/25 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2020/11/28 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/03/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/03/17 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/03/23 06:51 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/08/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1038/s41431-021-00845-6 [pii]
AID - 845 [pii]
AID - 10.1038/s41431-021-00845-6 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Eur J Hum Genet. 2021 Aug;29(8):1259-1271. doi: 10.1038/s41431-021-00845-6. Epub 
      2021 Mar 22.