PMID- 33800544
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210427
LR  - 20240407
IS  - 1424-8220 (Electronic)
IS  - 1424-8220 (Linking)
VI  - 21
IP  - 7
DP  - 2021 Mar 28
TI  - Methods for Lowering the Power Consumption of OS-Based Adaptive Deep Brain 
      Stimulation Controllers.
LID - 10.3390/s21072349 [doi]
LID - 2349
AB  - The identification of a new generation of adaptive strategies for deep brain 
      stimulation (DBS) will require the development of mixed hardware-software systems 
      for testing and implementing such controllers clinically. Towards this aim, 
      introducing an operating system (OS) that provides high-level features 
      (multitasking, hardware abstraction, and dynamic operation) as the core element 
      of adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) controllers could expand the 
      capabilities and development speed of new control strategies. However, such 
      software frameworks also introduce substantial power consumption overhead that 
      could render this solution unfeasible for implantable devices. To address this, 
      in this work four techniques to reduce this overhead are proposed and evaluated: 
      a tick-less idle operation mode, reduced and dynamic sampling, buffered read 
      mode, and duty cycling. A dual threshold adaptive deep brain stimulation 
      algorithm for suppressing pathological oscillatory neural activity was 
      implemented along with the proposed energy saving techniques on an 
      energy-efficient OS, YetiOS, running on a STM32L476RE microcontroller. The system 
      was then tested using an emulation environment coupled to a mean field model of 
      the parkinsonian basal ganglia to simulate local field potential (LFPs) which 
      acted as a biomarker for the controller. The OS-based controller alone introduced 
      a power consumption overhead of 10.03 mW for a sampling rate of 1 kHz. This was 
      reduced to 12 muW by applying the proposed tick-less idle mode, dynamic sampling, 
      buffered read and duty cycling techniques. The OS-based controller using the 
      proposed methods can facilitate rapid and flexible testing and implementation of 
      new control methods. Furthermore, the approach has the potential to become a 
      central element in future implantable devices to enable energy-efficient 
      implementation of a wide range of control algorithms across different 
      neurological conditions and hardware platforms.
FAU - Rodriguez-Zurrunero, Roberto
AU  - Rodriguez-Zurrunero R
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1720-665X
AD  - B105 Electronic Systems Lab. ETSI Telecomunicacion, Universidad Politecnica de 
      Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
FAU - Araujo, Alvaro
AU  - Araujo A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9269-5900
AD  - B105 Electronic Systems Lab. ETSI Telecomunicacion, Universidad Politecnica de 
      Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
FAU - Lowery, Madeleine M
AU  - Lowery MM
AD  - School of Electrical, Electronical and Communications Engineering, University 
      College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
LA  - eng
GR  - CIEN program. ROBIM/Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad/
GR  - ERC-2014-CoG-646923-DBSModel/H2020 European Research Council/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210328
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Sensors (Basel)
JT  - Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101204366
SB  - IM
MH  - Algorithms
MH  - *Deep Brain Stimulation
MH  - Software
PMC - PMC8036781
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - DBS
OT  - Parkinson dDisease
OT  - adaptive DBS
OT  - electrical stimulation
OT  - embedded system
OT  - microcontroller
OT  - neuromodulation
OT  - operating system
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/04/04 06:00
MHDA- 2021/04/28 06:00
PMCR- 2021/03/28
CRDT- 2021/04/03 01:05
PHST- 2021/02/08 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/03/11 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/03/24 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/04/03 01:05 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/04/04 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/04/28 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/03/28 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - s21072349 [pii]
AID - sensors-21-02349 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/s21072349 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Sensors (Basel). 2021 Mar 28;21(7):2349. doi: 10.3390/s21072349.