PMID- 33801238
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210405
LR  - 20210408
IS  - 1424-8220 (Electronic)
IS  - 1424-8220 (Linking)
VI  - 21
IP  - 5
DP  - 2021 Mar 2
TI  - Noise-Resilient Acoustic Low Energy Beacon for Proximity-Based Indoor Positioning 
      Systems.
LID - 10.3390/s21051703 [doi]
LID - 1703
AB  - Proximity-Based Indoor Positioning Systems (PIPSs) are a simple to install 
      alternative in large facilities. Besides, these systems have a reduced 
      computational cost on the mobile device of those users who do not continuously 
      demand a high location accuracy. This work presents the design of an Acoustic Low 
      Energy (ALE) beacon based on the emission of inaudible Linear Frequency Modulated 
      (LFM) signals. This coding scheme provides high robustness to in-band noise, thus 
      ensuring a reliable detection of the beacon at a practical range, after pulse 
      compression. A series of experimental tests have been carried out with nine 
      different Android devices to study the system performance. These tests have shown 
      that the ALE beacon can be detected at one meter distance with signal-to-noise 
      ratios as low as -12 dB. The tests have also demonstrated a detection rate above 
      80% for reception angles up to 50 degrees  with respect to the beacon's acoustic axis at 
      the same distance. Finally, a study of the ALE beacon energy consumption has been 
      conducted demonstrating comparable power consumption to commercial Bluetooth Low 
      Energy (BLE) beacons. Besides, the ALE beacon search can save up to 9% more 
      battery of the Android devices than the BLE beacon scanning.
FAU - Aguilera, Teodoro
AU  - Aguilera T
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9436-5999
AD  - Sensory Systems Research Group, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
FAU - Aranda, Fernando J
AU  - Aranda FJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-3824-3094
AD  - Sensory Systems Research Group, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
FAU - Parralejo, Felipe
AU  - Parralejo F
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-1739-829X
AD  - Sensory Systems Research Group, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
FAU - Gutierrez, Juan D
AU  - Gutierrez JD
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1024-6202
AD  - Sensory Systems Research Group, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
FAU - Moreno, Jose A
AU  - Moreno JA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9213-7642
AD  - Sensory Systems Research Group, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
FAU - Alvarez, Fernando J
AU  - Alvarez FJ
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7610-1452
AD  - Sensory Systems Research Group, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
LA  - eng
GR  - 0246-LIMUS-4-E)/European Commission - POCTEP programme/
GR  - RTI2018-095168-B-C54/Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities/
GR  - GR18038/Regional Government of Extremadura and ERDF-ESF/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210302
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Sensors (Basel)
JT  - Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101204366
SB  - IM
PMC - PMC7958138
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - acoustic beacon
OT  - location based services
OT  - proximity-based positioning
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/04/04 06:00
MHDA- 2021/04/04 06:01
PMCR- 2021/03/02
CRDT- 2021/04/03 01:07
PHST- 2021/01/31 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/02/19 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/02/24 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/04/03 01:07 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/04/04 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/04/04 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/03/02 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - s21051703 [pii]
AID - sensors-21-01703 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/s21051703 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Sensors (Basel). 2021 Mar 2;21(5):1703. doi: 10.3390/s21051703.