PMID- 33807867
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20240331
IS  - 2072-6694 (Print)
IS  - 2072-6694 (Electronic)
IS  - 2072-6694 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 5
DP  - 2021 Mar 5
TI  - Engineering Metabolism of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) Cells for Developing 
      Efficient Immunotherapies.
LID - 10.3390/cancers13051123 [doi]
LID - 1123
AB  - Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell-based therapies have shown tremendous 
      advancement in clinical and pre-clinical studies for the treatment of 
      hematological malignancies, such as the refractory of pre-B cell acute 
      lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and large B 
      cell lymphoma (LBCL). However, CAR T cell therapy for solid tumors has not been 
      successful clinically. Although, some research efforts, such as combining CARs 
      with immune checkpoint inhibitor-based therapy, have been used to expand the 
      application of CAR T cells for the treatment of solid tumors. Importantly, 
      further understanding of the coordination of nutrient and energy supplies needed 
      for CAR T cell expansion and function, especially in the tumor microenvironment 
      (TME), is greatly needed. In addition to CAR T cells, there is great interest in 
      utilizing other types of CAR immune cells, such as CAR NK and CAR macrophages 
      that can infiltrate solid tumors. However, the metabolic competition in the TME 
      between cancer cells and immune cells remains a challenge. Bioengineering 
      technologies, such as metabolic engineering, can make a substantial contribution 
      when developing CAR cells to have an ability to overcome nutrient-paucity in the 
      solid TME. This review introduces technologies that have been used to generate 
      metabolically fit CAR-immune cells as a treatment for hematological malignancies 
      and solid tumors, and briefly discusses the challenges to treat solid tumors with 
      CAR-immune cells.
FAU - Mangal, Joslyn L
AU  - Mangal JL
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-0774-1066
AD  - Biological Design Graduate Program, School for Biological and Health Systems 
      Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
FAU - Handlos, Jamie L
AU  - Handlos JL
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, 
      Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
FAU - Esrafili, Arezoo
AU  - Esrafili A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6074-5395
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, 
      Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
FAU - Inamdar, Sahil
AU  - Inamdar S
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, 
      Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
FAU - Mcmillian, Sidnee
AU  - Mcmillian S
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, 
      Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
FAU - Wankhede, Mamta
AU  - Wankhede M
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, 
      Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
FAU - Gottardi, Riccardo
AU  - Gottardi R
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8040-5531
AD  - Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Perelman School of 
      Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
AD  - Fondazione Ri.MED, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
FAU - Acharya, Abhinav P
AU  - Acharya AP
AD  - Biological Design Graduate Program, School for Biological and Health Systems 
      Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
AD  - Department of Chemical Engineering, School for the Engineering of Matter, 
      Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
AD  - Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School for the Engineering of 
      Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
AD  - Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Tempe, AZ 85281, 
      USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210305
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Cancers (Basel)
JT  - Cancers
JID - 101526829
PMC - PMC7962004
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - CAR T cell
OT  - CAR macrophage
OT  - immunometabolism
OT  - immunotherapy
OT  - solid tumors
OT  - tumor microenvironment
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/04/04 06:00
MHDA- 2021/04/04 06:01
PMCR- 2021/03/05
CRDT- 2021/04/03 01:28
PHST- 2020/12/11 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/02/23 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/03/03 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/04/03 01:28 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/04/04 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/04/04 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/03/05 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - cancers13051123 [pii]
AID - cancers-13-01123 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/cancers13051123 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Cancers (Basel). 2021 Mar 5;13(5):1123. doi: 10.3390/cancers13051123.