PMID- 33808194
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210520
LR  - 20210520
IS  - 1422-0067 (Electronic)
IS  - 1422-0067 (Linking)
VI  - 22
IP  - 7
DP  - 2021 Mar 30
TI  - The Relationship between the Gut Microbiome and Metformin as a Key for Treating 
      Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
LID - 10.3390/ijms22073566 [doi]
LID - 3566
AB  - Metformin is the first-line pharmacotherapy for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus 
      (T2DM); however, its mechanism of modulating glucose metabolism is elusive. 
      Recent advances have identified the gut as a potential target of metformin. As 
      patients with metabolic disorders exhibit dysbiosis, the gut microbiome has 
      garnered interest as a potential target for metabolic disease. Henceforth, 
      studies have focused on unraveling the relationship of metabolic disorders with 
      the human gut microbiome. According to various metagenome studies, gut dysbiosis 
      is evident in T2DM patients. Besides this, alterations in the gut microbiome were 
      also observed in the metformin-treated T2DM patients compared to the non-treated 
      T2DM patients. Thus, several studies on rodents have suggested potential 
      mechanisms interacting with the gut microbiome, including regulation of glucose 
      metabolism, an increase in short-chain fatty acids, strengthening intestinal 
      permeability against lipopolysaccharides, modulating the immune response, and 
      interaction with bile acids. Furthermore, human studies have demonstrated 
      evidence substantiating the hypotheses based on rodent studies. This review 
      discusses the current knowledge of how metformin modulates T2DM with respect to 
      the gut microbiome and discusses the prospect of harnessing this mechanism in 
      treating T2DM.
FAU - Lee, Chae Bin
AU  - Lee CB
AD  - College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 
      The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea.
FAU - Chae, Soon Uk
AU  - Chae SU
AD  - College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 
      The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea.
FAU - Jo, Seong Jun
AU  - Jo SJ
AD  - College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 
      The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea.
FAU - Jerng, Ui Min
AU  - Jerng UM
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1996-3793
AD  - Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, 
      Wonju 26339, Korea.
FAU - Bae, Soo Kyung
AU  - Bae SK
AD  - College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 
      The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea.
LA  - eng
GR  - 2018R1A6A1A03025108/Basic Science Research Program through the National Research 
      Foundation/
GR  - HF20C0002/Korea Health Technology R&D Project/
GR  - 2020/Research Fund of The Catholic University of Korea/
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210330
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Int J Mol Sci
JT  - International journal of molecular sciences
JID - 101092791
RN  - 0 (Bile Acids and Salts)
RN  - 0 (Blood Glucose)
RN  - 0 (Fatty Acids, Volatile)
RN  - 0 (Hypoglycemic Agents)
RN  - 9100L32L2N (Metformin)
SB  - IM
MH  - Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism
MH  - Blood Glucose/metabolism
MH  - Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/*drug therapy/immunology/*microbiology
MH  - Fatty Acids, Volatile/metabolism
MH  - Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects/*physiology
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
MH  - Metformin/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
PMC - PMC8037857
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - dysbiosis
OT  - gut microbiome
OT  - metformin
OT  - type 2 diabetes mellitus
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/04/04 06:00
MHDA- 2021/05/21 06:00
PMCR- 2021/03/30
CRDT- 2021/04/03 01:29
PHST- 2021/02/28 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/03/22 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/03/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/04/03 01:29 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/04/04 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/05/21 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/03/30 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ijms22073566 [pii]
AID - ijms-22-03566 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ijms22073566 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Mar 30;22(7):3566. doi: 10.3390/ijms22073566.