PMID- 33815663
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210414
LR  - 20230818
IS  - 1942-0994 (Electronic)
IS  - 1942-0900 (Print)
IS  - 1942-0994 (Linking)
VI  - 2021
DP  - 2021
TI  - HIF-1, the Warburg Effect, and Macrophage/Microglia Polarization Potential Role 
      in COVID-19 Pathogenesis.
PG  - 8841911
LID - 10.1155/2021/8841911 [doi]
LID - 8841911
AB  - Despite the international scientific community's commitment to improve clinical 
      knowledge about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), knowledge regarding 
      molecular details remains limited. In this review, we discuss hypoxia's potential 
      role in the pathogenesis of the maladaptive immune reaction against severe acute 
      respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The state of infection, with 
      serious respiratory dysfunction, causes tissues to become hypoxic due to a 
      discrepancy between cellular O(2) uptake and consumption similar to that seen 
      within tumor tissue during the progression of numerous solid cancers. In this 
      context, the heterogeneous clinical behavior and the multiorgan deterioration of 
      COVID-19 are discussed as a function of the upregulated expression of the 
      hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and of the metabolic reprogramming associated 
      with HIF-1 and with a proinflammatory innate immune response activation, 
      independent of the increase in the viral load of SARS-CoV-2. Possible 
      pharmacological strategies targeting O(2) aimed to improve prognosis are 
      suggested.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 Elisabetta Ferraro et al.
FAU - Ferraro, Elisabetta
AU  - Ferraro E
AD  - Universita di Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
FAU - Germano, Maria
AU  - Germano M
AD  - Ospedale Sant'Anna, Como, Italy.
FAU - Mollace, Rocco
AU  - Mollace R
AD  - Universita Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy.
FAU - Mollace, Vincenzo
AU  - Mollace V
AD  - Universita Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy.
FAU - Malara, Natalia
AU  - Malara N
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1719-293X
AD  - Universita Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210312
PL  - United States
TA  - Oxid Med Cell Longev
JT  - Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity
JID - 101479826
RN  - 0 (Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1)
SB  - IM
MH  - COVID-19/immunology/*metabolism/*pathology/virology
MH  - *Cell Polarity
MH  - Humans
MH  - Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1/*metabolism
MH  - Macrophages/*metabolism
MH  - Microglia/*metabolism
MH  - SARS-CoV-2/physiology
MH  - *Warburg Effect, Oncologic
PMC - PMC7987467
COIS- The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
EDAT- 2021/04/06 06:00
MHDA- 2021/04/15 06:00
PMCR- 2021/03/12
CRDT- 2021/04/05 06:00
PHST- 2020/09/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/01/07 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/03/03 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/04/05 06:00 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/04/06 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/04/15 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/03/12 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1155/2021/8841911 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021 Mar 12;2021:8841911. doi: 10.1155/2021/8841911. 
      eCollection 2021.