PMID- 33816349 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20210705 LR - 20240407 IS - 2235-2988 (Electronic) IS - 2235-2988 (Linking) VI - 11 DP - 2021 TI - Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles Against Viral Infections. PG - 643953 LID - 10.3389/fcimb.2021.643953 [doi] LID - 643953 AB - Viral infections, in addition to damaging host cells, can compromise the host immune system, leading to frequent relapse or long-term persistence. Viruses have the capacity to destroy the host cell while liberating their own RNA or DNA in order to replicate within additional host cells. The viral life cycle makes it challenging to develop anti-viral drugs. Nanotechnology-based approaches have been suggested to deal effectively with viral diseases, and overcome some limitations of anti-viral drugs. Nanotechnology has enabled scientists to overcome the challenges of solubility and toxicity of anti-viral drugs, and can enhance their selectivity towards viruses and virally infected cells, while preserving healthy host cells. Chitosan is a naturally occurring polymer that has been used to construct nanoparticles (NPs), which are biocompatible, biodegradable, less toxic, easy to prepare, and can function as effective drug delivery systems (DDSs). Furthermore, chitosan is Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA). Chitosan NPs have been used in drug delivery by the oral, ocular, pulmonary, nasal, mucosal, buccal, or vaginal routes. They have also been studied for gene delivery, vaccine delivery, and advanced cancer therapy. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that chitosan NPs could be used as new therapeutic tools against viral infections. In this review we summarize reports concerning the therapeutic potential of chitosan NPs against various viral infections. CI - Copyright (c) 2021 Boroumand, Badie, Mazaheri, Seyedi, Nahand, Nejati, Baghi, Abbasi-Kolli, Badehnoosh, Ghandali, Hamblin and Mirzaei. FAU - Boroumand, Homa AU - Boroumand H AD - School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. FAU - Badie, Fereshteh AU - Badie F AD - Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. FAU - Mazaheri, Samaneh AU - Mazaheri S AD - Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran. FAU - Seyedi, Zeynab Sadat AU - Seyedi ZS AD - Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran. FAU - Nahand, Javid Sadri AU - Nahand JS AD - Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. FAU - Nejati, Majid AU - Nejati M AD - Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. FAU - Baghi, Hossein Bannazadeh AU - Baghi HB AD - Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. AD - Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. FAU - Abbasi-Kolli, Mohammad AU - Abbasi-Kolli M AD - Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. FAU - Badehnoosh, Bita AU - Badehnoosh B AD - Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. FAU - Ghandali, Maryam AU - Ghandali M AD - School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. FAU - Hamblin, Michael R AU - Hamblin MR AD - Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa. FAU - Mirzaei, Hamed AU - Mirzaei H AD - Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Review DEP - 20210317 PL - Switzerland TA - Front Cell Infect Microbiol JT - Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology JID - 101585359 RN - 0 (Drug Carriers) RN - 9012-76-4 (Chitosan) SB - IM MH - *Chitosan MH - Drug Carriers MH - Drug Delivery Systems MH - Female MH - Humans MH - *Nanoparticles MH - Solubility MH - *Virus Diseases PMC - PMC8011499 OTO - NOTNLM OT - chitosan OT - delivery system OT - nanoparticles OT - therapy OT - viral infection COIS- MH declares the following potential conflicts of interest. Scientific Advisory Boards: Transdermal Cap Inc, Cleveland, OH; BeWell Global Inc, Wan Chai, Hong Kong; Hologenix Inc. Santa Monica, CA; LumiTheraInc, Poulsbo, WA; Vielight, Toronto, Canada; Bright Photomedicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Quantum Dynamics LLC, Cambridge, MA; Global Photon Inc, Bee Cave, TX; Medical Coherence, Boston MA; NeuroThera, Newark DE; JOOVV Inc, Minneapolis-St. Paul MN; AIRx Medical, Pleasanton CA; FIR Industries, Inc. Ramsey, NJ; UVLRx Therapeutics, Oldsmar, FL; Ultralux UV Inc, Lansing MI; Illumiheal&Petthera, Shoreline, WA; MB Lasertherapy, Houston, TX; ARRC LED, San Clemente, CA; Varuna Biomedical Corp. Incline Village, NV; Niraxx Light Therapeutics, Inc, Boston, MA. Consulting; Lexington Int, Boca Raton, FL; USHIO Corp, Japan; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany; Philips Electronics Nederland B.V. Eindhoven, Netherlands; Johnson & Johnson Inc, Philadelphia, PA; Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Stockholdings: Global Photon Inc, Bee Cave, TX; Mitonix, Newark, DE. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. EDAT- 2021/04/06 06:00 MHDA- 2021/07/06 06:00 PMCR- 2021/03/17 CRDT- 2021/04/05 06:08 PHST- 2021/01/07 00:00 [received] PHST- 2021/02/22 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2021/04/05 06:08 [entrez] PHST- 2021/04/06 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2021/07/06 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2021/03/17 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 10.3389/fcimb.2021.643953 [doi] PST - epublish SO - Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021 Mar 17;11:643953. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.643953. eCollection 2021.