PMID- 33829338
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210409
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1573-2959 (Electronic)
IS  - 0167-6369 (Linking)
VI  - 193
IP  - 5
DP  - 2021 Apr 7
TI  - Determination of illicit drugs and psychoactive pharmaceuticals in wastewater 
      from the area of Thessaloniki (Greece) using LC-MS/MS: estimation of drug 
      consumption.
PG  - 249
LID - 10.1007/s10661-021-09035-9 [doi]
AB  - This study presents the development of an analytical method for the simultaneous 
      determination of multiclass illicit drugs (cocainoids, opiates, amphetamines, and 
      cannabinoids) and psychoactive pharmaceuticals (anxiolytics, hypnotics, 
      antipsychotics, antidepressants, and antiparkinsonian), in municipal wastewater. 
      The analytical method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, 
      precision, and accuracy. The recoveries (%) for the majority of the analytes 
      ranged between 70 and 120%, while the method showed good repeatability 
      (2.4-29.2%). The limits of detection (LOD) of the method ranged between 0.8 and 
      9.4 ng L(-1). The method was implemented on influent and effluent samples from 
      Thessaloniki (N. Greece) wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), and it revealed the 
      daily presence of benzoylecgonine (BEG) (84.0-202.2 ng L(-1)), methadone 
      (12.3-17.5 ng L(-1)), 11-Nor-9-carboxy-Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) 
      (80.3-171.9 ng L(-1)), morphine (144.2-264.3 ng L(-1)), and 6-monoacetylmorphine 
      (6-MAM) (5.8-12.0 ng L(-1)) in the influent samples of WWTP. Clozapine 
      (101.6-315.5 ng L(-1)), quetiapine (33.5-109.7 ng L(-1)), and fluoxetine 
      (20.9-124.4 ng L(-1)) were pharmaceutical psychotics with the highest 
      concentration in the influents. Back calculation estimated that the daily 
      consumption of cocaine, heroin, cannabis, and methadone was 36-95, 86-164, 
      2300-5400, and 8-12 mg day(-1) per 1000 inhabitants, respectively. The 
      consumption was estimated between 7-16 and 15 mg day(-1) per 1000 inhabitants for 
      methyl diethanolamine (MDEA) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 
      respectively.
FAU - Christophoridis, Christophoros
AU  - Christophoridis C
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2298-7136
AD  - Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle 
      University, Thessaloniki, Greece. cchrist@chem.auth.gr.
FAU - Veloutsou, Sofia
AU  - Veloutsou S
AD  - Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle 
      University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
FAU - Mitsika, Elena
AU  - Mitsika E
AD  - Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle 
      University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
FAU - Zacharis, Constantinos K
AU  - Zacharis CK
AD  - Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 
      School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, 
      Greece.
FAU - Christia, Christina
AU  - Christia C
AD  - Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle 
      University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
FAU - Raikos, Nikolaos
AU  - Raikos N
AD  - Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle 
      University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
FAU - Fytianos, Konstantinos
AU  - Fytianos K
AD  - Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Aristotle 
      University, Thessaloniki, Greece.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210407
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Environ Monit Assess
JT  - Environmental monitoring and assessment
JID - 8508350
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
SB  - IM
MH  - Chromatography, Liquid
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Greece
MH  - *Illicit Drugs
MH  - Solid Phase Extraction
MH  - Tandem Mass Spectrometry
MH  - Wastewater/analysis
MH  - *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Illicit drugs
OT  - LC-MS/MS
OT  - Psychoactive compounds
OT  - Solid phase extraction
OT  - Wastewater-based epidemiology
EDAT- 2021/04/09 06:00
MHDA- 2021/04/10 06:00
CRDT- 2021/04/08 06:39
PHST- 2020/07/31 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/03/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/04/08 06:39 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/04/09 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/04/10 06:00 [medline]
AID - 10.1007/s10661-021-09035-9 [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s10661-021-09035-9 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Environ Monit Assess. 2021 Apr 7;193(5):249. doi: 10.1007/s10661-021-09035-9.