PMID- 33832784
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210518
LR  - 20210518
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 778
DP  - 2021 Jul 15
TI  - Chemical hazard in glacial melt? The glacial system as a secondary source of POPs 
      (in the Northern Hemisphere). A systematic review.
PG  - 145244
LID - S0048-9697(21)00310-7 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145244 [doi]
AB  - Toxicity of compounds belonging to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is widely 
      known, and their re-emission from glaciers has been conclusively demonstrated. 
      However, the harmful effects associated with such secondary emissions have yet to 
      be thoroughly understood, especially in the spatial and temporal context, as the 
      existing literature has a clear sampling bias with the best recognition of sites 
      in the European Alps. In this review, we elaborated on the hazards associated 
      with the rapid melting of glaciers releasing organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 
      polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 
      polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To this end, we collated knowledge on: 
      (1) the varying glacier melt rate across the Northern Hemisphere, (2) the content 
      of POPs in the glacial system components, including the less represented areas, 
      (3) the mechanisms of POPs transfer through the glacial system, including the 
      importance of immediate emission from snow melt, (4) risk assessment associated 
      with POPs re-emission. Based on the limited existing information, the health risk 
      of drinking glacial water can be considered negligible, but consuming aquatic 
      organisms from these waters may increase the risk of cancer. Remoteness from 
      emission sources is a leading factor in the presence of such risk, yet the Arctic 
      is likely to be more exposed to it in the future due to large-scale processes 
      shifting atmospheric pollution and the continuous supply of snow. For future risk 
      monitoring, we recommend to explore the synergistic toxic effects of multiple 
      contaminants and fill the gaps in the spatial distribution of data.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Pawlak, Filip
AU  - Pawlak F
AD  - Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of 
      Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
FAU - Koziol, Krystyna
AU  - Koziol K
AD  - Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of 
      Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland. Electronic address: 
      krykozio@pg.edu.pl.
FAU - Polkowska, Zaneta
AU  - Polkowska Z
AD  - Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of 
      Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210129
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
SB  - IM
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Glaciers
OT  - OCPs
OT  - PAHs
OT  - PBDEs
OT  - PCBs
OT  - Re-emission
OT  - Risk
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2021/04/10 06:00
MHDA- 2021/04/10 06:01
CRDT- 2021/04/09 05:42
PHST- 2020/09/28 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/01/13 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/01/13 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/04/10 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/04/10 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/04/09 05:42 [entrez]
AID - S0048-9697(21)00310-7 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145244 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2021 Jul 15;778:145244. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145244. 
      Epub 2021 Jan 29.