PMID- 33842644
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20210413
IS  - 2305-5839 (Print)
IS  - 2305-5847 (Electronic)
IS  - 2305-5839 (Linking)
VI  - 9
IP  - 5
DP  - 2021 Mar
TI  - Immuno-oncology: a narrative review of gastrointestinal and hepatic toxicities.
PG  - 423
LID - 10.21037/atm-20-7361 [doi]
LID - 423
AB  - Vaccines, cytokines, and adoptive cellular therapies (ACT) represent 
      immuno-therapeutic modalities with great development potential, and they are 
      currently approved for the treatment of a limited number of advanced 
      malignancies. The most up-to-date knowledge on the regulation of the anti-cancer 
      immune response has recently led to the development and approval of inhibitors of 
      immune checkpoints, which have produced unprecedented clinical activity in 
      several hard to treat solid malignancies. However, severe adverse events (AEs) 
      represent a limitation to the use of these drugs. Currently approved checkpoint 
      inhibitors block cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed 
      cell death protein (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1), resulted in increased survival 
      of patients with several solid and hematologic malignancies. The most common 
      treatment AEs associated with these drugs are fatigue, rash, and 
      auto-immune/inflammatory reactions. Many of the immune-related AEs are reversible 
      and the strategies for their management include supportive care either with or 
      without treatment withdrawal; nevertheless, in severe cases, hospitalization and 
      treatment with immune suppressants, and/or immunomodulators may be required. 
      Steroid therapy is a critical component of the treatment algorithm; nevertheless, 
      the associated immunosuppression may compromise the antitumor response. This 
      article provides a comprehensive and narrative review of luminal gastrointestinal 
      and hepatic complications, including recommendations for their investigation and 
      management.
CI  - 2021 Annals of Translational Medicine. All rights reserved.
FAU - Boussios, Stergios
AU  - Boussios S
AD  - King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer & 
      Pharmaceutical Sciences, SE1 9RT, London, UK.
AD  - Department of Medical Oncology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, ME7 
      5NY, Gillingham, Kent, UK.
AD  - AELIA Organization, 9th Km Thessaloniki - Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece.
FAU - Sheriff, Matin
AU  - Sheriff M
AD  - Department of Urology, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Windmill Road, Gillingham, 
      Kent, ME7 5NY, UK.
FAU - Rassy, Elie
AU  - Rassy E
AD  - Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy Institut, Villejuif, France.
AD  - Department of Hematology-Oncology, Hotel Dieu de France University Hospital, 
      Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon.
FAU - Moschetta, Michele
AU  - Moschetta M
AD  - CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital, Rue du Bugnon 21 CH-1011, Lausanne, 
      Switzerland.
FAU - Samartzis, Eleftherios P
AU  - Samartzis EP
AD  - Department of Gynecology, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 
      CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
FAU - Hallit, Rachel
AU  - Hallit R
AD  - Gastroenterology Department, Cochin University Hospital, Assistance 
      Publique-Hopitaux de Paris and University of Paris, Paris, France.
FAU - Sadauskaite, Agne
AU  - Sadauskaite A
AD  - Department of Pharmacy, Medway NHS Foundation Trust, Gillingham, Kent, UK.
FAU - Katsanos, Konstantinos H
AU  - Katsanos KH
AD  - Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of 
      Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
FAU - Christodoulou, Dimitrios K
AU  - Christodoulou DK
AD  - Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Faculty of 
      Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
FAU - Pavlidis, Nicholas
AU  - Pavlidis N
AD  - Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - China
TA  - Ann Transl Med
JT  - Annals of translational medicine
JID - 101617978
PMC - PMC8033350
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Vaccines
OT  - cellular therapy
OT  - checkpoint inhibitors
OT  - cytokines
OT  - toxicity
COIS- Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure 
      form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-7361). SB serves as an 
      unpaid editorial board member of Annals of Translational Medicine from Nov 2019 
      to Oct 2021. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
EDAT- 2021/04/13 06:00
MHDA- 2021/04/13 06:01
PMCR- 2021/03/01
CRDT- 2021/04/12 06:25
PHST- 2021/04/12 06:25 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/04/13 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/04/13 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/03/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - atm-09-05-423 [pii]
AID - 10.21037/atm-20-7361 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Ann Transl Med. 2021 Mar;9(5):423. doi: 10.21037/atm-20-7361.