PMID- 33873078
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210521
LR  - 20210521
IS  - 1090-2414 (Electronic)
IS  - 0147-6513 (Linking)
VI  - 217
DP  - 2021 Jul 1
TI  - Main sources controlling atmospheric burdens of persistent organic pollutants on 
      a national scale.
PG  - 112172
LID - S0147-6513(21)00283-9 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112172 [doi]
AB  - National long-term monitoring programs on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in 
      background air have traditionally relied on active air sampling techniques. Due 
      to limited spatial coverage of active air samplers, questions remain (i) whether 
      active air sampler monitoring sites are representative for atmospheric burdens 
      within the larger geographical area targeted by the monitoring programs, and thus 
      (ii) if the main sources affecting POPs in background air across a nation are 
      understood. The main objective of this study was to explore the utility of 
      spatial and temporal trends in concert with multiple modelling approaches to 
      understand the main sources affecting polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 
      organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in background air across a nation. For this 
      purpose, a comprehensive campaign was carried out in summer 2016, measuring POPs 
      in background air across Norway using passive air sampling. Results were compared 
      to a similar campaign in 2006 to assess possible changes over one decade. We 
      furthermore used the Global EMEP Multi-media Modeling System (GLEMOS) and the 
      Flexible Particle dispersion model (FLEXPART) to predict and evaluate the 
      relative importance of primary emissions, secondary emissions, long-range 
      atmospheric transport (LRAT) and national emissions in controlling atmospheric 
      burdens of PCB-153 on a national scale. The concentrations in air of both PCBs 
      and most of the targeted OCPs were generally low, with the exception of 
      hexachlorobenzene (HCB). A limited spatial variability for all POPs in this 
      study, together with predictions by both models, suggest that LRAT dominates 
      atmospheric burdens across Norway. Model predictions by the GLEMOS model, as well 
      as measured isomeric ratios, further suggest that LRAT of some POPs are dictated 
      by secondary emissions. Our results illustrate the utility of combining 
      observations and mechanistic modelling approaches to help identify the main 
      factors affecting atmospheric burdens of POPs across a nation, which, in turn, 
      may be used to inform both national monitoring and control strategies.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Lunder Halvorsen, Helene
AU  - Lunder Halvorsen H
AD  - NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; 
      University of Oslo, 0351 Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: hlu@nilu.no.
FAU - Bohlin-Nizzetto, Pernilla
AU  - Bohlin-Nizzetto P
AD  - NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway.
FAU - Eckhardt, Sabine
AU  - Eckhardt S
AD  - NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway.
FAU - Gusev, Alexey
AU  - Gusev A
AD  - Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-East, 115419 Moscow, Russian Federation.
FAU - Krogseth, Ingjerd Sunde
AU  - Krogseth IS
AD  - NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway.
FAU - Moeckel, Claudia
AU  - Moeckel C
AD  - NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway.
FAU - Shatalov, Victor
AU  - Shatalov V
AD  - Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-East, 115419 Moscow, Russian Federation.
FAU - Skogeng, Lovise Pedersen
AU  - Skogeng LP
AD  - NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway.
FAU - Breivik, Knut
AU  - Breivik K
AD  - NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; 
      University of Oslo, 0351 Oslo, Norway.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210416
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Ecotoxicol Environ Saf
JT  - Ecotoxicology and environmental safety
JID - 7805381
RN  - 0 (Air Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated)
RN  - 0 (Organic Chemicals)
RN  - 0 (Pesticides)
RN  - 4Z87H0LKUY (Hexachlorobenzene)
RN  - DFC2HB4I0K (Polychlorinated Biphenyls)
RN  - ZRU0C9E32O (2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl)
SB  - IM
MH  - Air Pollutants/*analysis
MH  - *Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Hexachlorobenzene/analysis
MH  - Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/analysis
MH  - Norway
MH  - Organic Chemicals/*analysis
MH  - Persistent Organic Pollutants
MH  - Pesticides/analysis
MH  - Polychlorinated Biphenyls
MH  - Seasons
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Atmospheric transport modelling
OT  - Long-range atmospheric transport
OT  - POPs
OT  - Passive air sampling
OT  - Secondary emissions
OT  - Spatial variability
EDAT- 2021/04/20 06:00
MHDA- 2021/05/22 06:00
CRDT- 2021/04/19 20:26
PHST- 2020/11/02 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/03/13 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/03/17 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/04/20 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/05/22 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/04/19 20:26 [entrez]
AID - S0147-6513(21)00283-9 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112172 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021 Jul 1;217:112172. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112172. 
      Epub 2021 Apr 16.