PMID- 33878162 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20211105 LR - 20211105 IS - 1945-7197 (Electronic) IS - 0021-972X (Linking) VI - 106 IP - 9 DP - 2021 Aug 18 TI - Thyroid Immune-related Adverse Events Following Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment. PG - e3704-e3713 LID - 10.1210/clinem/dgab263 [doi] AB - CONTEXT: Thyroid dysfunction occurs commonly following immune checkpoint inhibition. The etiology of thyroid immune-related adverse events (irAEs) remains unclear and clinical presentation can be variable. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to define thyroid irAEs following immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment and describe their clinical and biochemical associations. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of thyroid dysfunction in patients with melanoma undergoing cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and/or programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) based ICI treatment from November 1, 2009, to December 31, 2019. Thyroid function was measured at baseline and at regular intervals following the start of ICI treatment. Clinical and biochemical features were evaluated for associations with ICI-associated thyroid irAEs. The prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies and the effect of thyroid irAEs on survival were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 1246 patients were included with a median follow-up of 11.3 months. Five hundred and eighteen (42%) patients developed an ICI-associated thyroid irAE. Subclinical thyrotoxicosis (n = 234) was the most common thyroid irAE, followed by overt thyrotoxicosis (n = 154), subclinical hypothyroidism (n = 61), and overt hypothyroidism (n = 39). Onset of overt thyrotoxicosis occurred a median of 5 weeks (interquartile range [IQR] 2-8) after receipt of a first dose of ICI. Combination immunotherapy was strongly associated with development of overt thyrotoxicosis (odds ratio [OR] 10.8, 95% CI 4.51-25.6 vs CTLA-4 monotherapy; P < .001), as was female sex (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.37-2.95; P < .001) and younger age (OR 0.83 per 10 years, 95% CI 0.72-0.95; P = .007). By comparison, median onset of overt hypothyroidism was 14 weeks (IQR 8-25). The frequency of overt hypothyroidism did not differ between different ICI types. The strongest associations for hypothyroidism were higher baseline thyroid-stimulating hormone (OR 2.33 per mIU/L, 95% CI 1.61-3.33; P < .001) and female sex (OR 3.31, 95% CI 1.67-6.56; P = .01). Overt thyrotoxicosis was associated with longer progression free survival (hazard ratio [HR] 0.68, 95% CI 0.49-0.94; P = .02) and overall survival (HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.39-0.84; P = .005). There was no association between hypothyroidism and cancer outcomes. CONCLUSION: Thyroid irAEs are common and there are multiple distinct phenotypes. Different thyroid irAE subtypes have unique clinical and biochemical associations, suggesting potentially distinct etiologies for thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism arising in this context. CI - (c) The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Endocrine Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. FAU - Muir, Christopher A AU - Muir CA AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1430-0499 AD - Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. AD - Cancer Genetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia. FAU - Clifton-Bligh, Roderick J AU - Clifton-Bligh RJ AD - Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. AD - Cancer Genetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia. AD - Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia. FAU - Long, Georgina V AU - Long GV AD - Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. AD - Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. AD - Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia. AD - Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Hospital, Sydney, Australia. FAU - Scolyer, Richard A AU - Scolyer RA AD - Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. AD - Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. AD - Department of Tissue Pathology & Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia. FAU - Lo, Serigne N AU - Lo SN AD - Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. FAU - Carlino, Matteo S AU - Carlino MS AD - Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. AD - Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. AD - Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead and Blacktown Hospitals, Sydney, Australia. FAU - Tsang, Venessa H M AU - Tsang VHM AD - Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. AD - Cancer Genetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia. AD - Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia. FAU - Menzies, Alexander M AU - Menzies AM AD - Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. AD - Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. AD - Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia. AD - Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Hospital, Sydney, Australia. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PT - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't PL - United States TA - J Clin Endocrinol Metab JT - The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism JID - 0375362 RN - 0 (Autoantibodies) RN - 0 (CTLA-4 Antigen) RN - 0 (CTLA4 protein, human) RN - 0 (Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors) RN - 0 (PDCD1 protein, human) RN - 0 (Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor) RN - 9002-71-5 (Thyrotropin) SB - IM MH - Aged MH - Aging MH - Autoantibodies/analysis MH - CTLA-4 Antigen MH - Cohort Studies MH - Female MH - Follow-Up Studies MH - Humans MH - Hypothyroidism/etiology MH - Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/*adverse effects MH - Immunotherapy/*adverse effects MH - Male MH - Melanoma/therapy MH - Middle Aged MH - Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor MH - Progression-Free Survival MH - Retrospective Studies MH - Sex Characteristics MH - Survival Analysis MH - Thyroid Diseases/*immunology MH - Thyroid Gland/*immunology MH - Thyrotoxicosis/epidemiology MH - Thyrotropin/blood MH - Treatment Outcome OTO - NOTNLM OT - Hyperthyroidism OT - hypothyroidism OT - immune checkpoint inhibitor OT - immune-related adverse event OT - thyroiditis EDAT- 2021/04/21 06:00 MHDA- 2021/11/06 06:00 CRDT- 2021/04/20 17:24 PHST- 2021/02/28 00:00 [received] PHST- 2021/04/21 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2021/11/06 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2021/04/20 17:24 [entrez] AID - 6242255 [pii] AID - 10.1210/clinem/dgab263 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021 Aug 18;106(9):e3704-e3713. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgab263.