PMID- 33992990
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210607
LR  - 20210607
IS  - 1873-3778 (Electronic)
IS  - 0021-9673 (Linking)
VI  - 1648
DP  - 2021 Jul 5
TI  - Mycotoxin extraction from edible insects with natural deep eutectic solvents: a 
      green alternative to conventional methods.
PG  - 462180
LID - S0021-9673(21)00304-6 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462180 [doi]
AB  - Edible insects are widely consumed in Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America, 
      but less commonly so in Western countries. Since the turn of the millennium, 
      however, entomophagy has aroused growing interest worldwide in response to the 
      increasing scarcity of food resources. In fact, edible insects can be a source of 
      high-quality protein, and also of fat, energy, minerals and vitamins. However, 
      the lack of regulatory guidelines for microbiologically or chemically hazardous 
      agents potentially present in these new foods (e.g., mycotoxins) may make their 
      consumption unsafe. In this work, we developed an environmentally friendly 
      analytical method using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES or natural DES) in 
      combination with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass 
      spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of six mycotoxins 
      of great concern owing to their toxic effects on humans and animals (namely, 
      fumonisin B(1), fumonisin B(2), T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, ochratoxin A and 
      mycophenolic acid) in insect-based food products. The target mycotoxins were 
      co-extracted from cricket flour by using the optimum DES composition (namely, a 
      mixture of choline chloride and urea, in a 1:2 mole ratio, containing 15% water 
      which resulted in the highest extraction recoveries for all toxins). An 
      experimental design method (Fractional Factorial Design (FFD) was used to examine 
      the influence of the operational variables DES volume and water content, amount 
      of sample, extraction time and extraction temperature on the extraction 
      efficiency for each mycotoxin. Under optimum conditions, extraction recoveries 
      were close to 100% except for fumonisin B(2) (70%) and T-2 toxin (50%), with 
      relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 13% in all cases. The proposed 
      NADES-UHPLC-MS/MS method was validated in accordance with the European Commission 
      2002/657/EC and 2006/401/EC decisions, and used to determine the target compounds 
      in cricket flour, silkworm pupae powder and black cricket powder.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Pradanas-Gonzalez, Fernando
AU  - Pradanas-Gonzalez F
AD  - Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University 
      of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
FAU - Alvarez-Rivera, Gerardo
AU  - Alvarez-Rivera G
AD  - Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 
      Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
FAU - Benito-Pena, Elena
AU  - Benito-Pena E
AD  - Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University 
      of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: 
      elenabp@ucm.es.
FAU - Navarro-Villoslada, Fernando
AU  - Navarro-Villoslada F
AD  - Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University 
      of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
FAU - Cifuentes, Alejandro
AU  - Cifuentes A
AD  - Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 
      Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
FAU - Herrero, Miguel
AU  - Herrero M
AD  - Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), 
      Nicolas Cabrera 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
FAU - Moreno-Bondi, Maria Cruz
AU  - Moreno-Bondi MC
AD  - Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University 
      of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: 
      mcmbondi@ucm.es.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210427
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - J Chromatogr A
JT  - Journal of chromatography. A
JID - 9318488
RN  - 0 (Mycotoxins)
RN  - 0 (Solvents)
SB  - IM
MH  - Africa
MH  - Animals
MH  - Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/*methods
MH  - Edible Insects/*chemistry
MH  - Humans
MH  - Mycotoxins/*isolation & purification
MH  - Solvents/*chemistry
MH  - Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Deep eutectic solvent (DES)
OT  - UHPLC-MS/MS
OT  - cricket flour
OT  - edible insects
OT  - mycotoxins
OT  - natural DES (NADES)
COIS- Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2021/05/17 06:00
MHDA- 2021/06/08 06:00
CRDT- 2021/05/16 20:48
PHST- 2021/02/28 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/04/15 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/04/18 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/05/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/06/08 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/05/16 20:48 [entrez]
AID - S0021-9673(21)00304-6 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462180 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Chromatogr A. 2021 Jul 5;1648:462180. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462180. Epub 
      2021 Apr 27.