PMID- 33993074
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210624
LR  - 20210624
IS  - 1873-7072 (Electronic)
IS  - 0308-8146 (Linking)
VI  - 360
DP  - 2021 Oct 30
TI  - Method validation for the determination of 314 pesticide residues using tandem MS 
      systems (GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS) in raisins: Focus on risk exposure assessment and 
      respective processing factors in real samples (a pilot survey).
PG  - 129964
LID - S0308-8146(21)00970-5 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129964 [doi]
AB  - A multi-residue method for the simultaneous analysis of a wide range of 
      pesticides in raisins using liquid and gas chromatography-tandem mass 
      spectrometry (LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS) has been validated. Pesticides are extracted 
      from raisins with ethyl acetate, followed by centrifugation. The validation study 
      was in accordance with DG SANTE guidelines. Validation experiments have been 
      performed in both analytical instruments. A total number of 314 pesticides were 
      spiked in raisins of organic farming at two spiking levels for GC-MS/MS (0.025 
      and 0.1 mg/kg), and at three spiking levels for LC-MS/MS (0.005, 0.05, and 
      0.1 mg/kg) with 6 replicates at each concentration. The scope of validation 
      included linearity, limits of quantification (LOQ), accuracy, precision, and 
      matrix effects (%) for each pesticide. The validated method was then applied for 
      the analysis of 37 commercial raisin samples purchased from the market. For the 
      evaluation of the results, processing factors (PFs) have been applied to derive 
      the amount of residue in raisins, from the maximum residue levels (MRLs) of 
      grapes, and which in this paper will be referred as to the MRL expressed in 
      raisins. In all conventional samples, pesticides were detected at concentrations 
      above the LOQ. In total, 55 different pesticides were detected. All conventional 
      samples contained multiple pesticides ranging from 2 to 24. On the other hand, 
      samples from organic farming were found to be free of the analysed pesticides. 
      The 13.5% of the examined samples were considered as violations. The exposure 
      assessment for the acute risk of the violating samples indicated that no 
      potential risk derives from the detected and approved in the EU pesticides, while 
      the detection of not approved pesticides in the EU, and the lack of toxicological 
      reference values for certain pesticides raise concerns for the human health, 
      especially for children. The results of the survey study indicate the need to 
      include processed samples, and in particular dry fruits with a high consumption 
      rate such as raisins, in the official controls of pesticide residues in food.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
FAU - Constantinou, Maria
AU  - Constantinou M
AD  - Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, 
      Cyprus; State General Laboratory, Pesticide Residues Laboratory, Nicosia, Cyprus.
FAU - Louca-Christodoulou, Despo
AU  - Louca-Christodoulou D
AD  - State General Laboratory, Pesticide Residues Laboratory, Nicosia, Cyprus.
FAU - Agapiou, Agapios
AU  - Agapiou A
AD  - Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, 
      Cyprus. Electronic address: agapiou.agapios@ucy.ac.cy.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Validation Study
DEP - 20210427
PL  - England
TA  - Food Chem
JT  - Food chemistry
JID - 7702639
RN  - 0 (Acetates)
RN  - 0 (Pesticide Residues)
RN  - 76845O8NMZ (ethyl acetate)
SB  - IM
MH  - Acetates/chemistry
MH  - Chromatography, Liquid/*methods
MH  - Environmental Exposure/*analysis
MH  - Food Analysis/*methods
MH  - Fruit/chemistry
MH  - Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/*methods
MH  - Humans
MH  - Pesticide Residues/*analysis/chemistry
MH  - Pilot Projects
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - Surveys and Questionnaires
MH  - Tandem Mass Spectrometry/*methods
MH  - Vitis/*chemistry
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - GC-MS/MS
OT  - LC-MS/MS
OT  - Pesticides
OT  - Raisins
OT  - Risk exposure
EDAT- 2021/05/17 06:00
MHDA- 2021/06/25 06:00
CRDT- 2021/05/16 20:53
PHST- 2020/08/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/03/17 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/04/25 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/05/17 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/06/25 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/05/16 20:53 [entrez]
AID - S0308-8146(21)00970-5 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129964 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Food Chem. 2021 Oct 30;360:129964. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129964. Epub 2021 
      Apr 27.