PMID- 34024811
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20211109
LR  - 20211109
IS  - 1878-6324 (Electronic)
IS  - 1053-8127 (Linking)
VI  - 34
IP  - 6
DP  - 2021
TI  - Influence of respiration frequency on heart rate variability parameters: A 
      randomized cross-sectional study.
PG  - 1063-1068
LID - 10.3233/BMR-200190 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: Many patients visiting physiotherapists for musculoskeletal disorders 
      face psychosocial challenges which may form a large barrier to recover. There are 
      only a limited number of evidence based psychosocial therapies, but they are 
      mainly based on breathing exercises. OBJECTIVE: to study which respiration 
      frequency would lead to the highest relaxation, reflected in vagal tone derived 
      from the heart rate variability (HRV) in healthy subjects. METHODS: A randomized 
      controlled cross sectional study was performed. Respiration cycles of four, five, 
      six, seven and eight breaths per minute (BPM) were delivered in randomized order 
      for two minutes each. HRV metrics were measured during the sessions with 
      electrocardiogram (ECG). Repeated Measures ANOVA's were performed to analyze 
      differences between breathing frequencies. RESULTS: 100 healthy volunteers were 
      included (40 male). Standard Deviation of inter beat intervals (SDNN) values were 
      significantly highest at 5 BPM, whereas the Root Mean Square of Successive 
      Differences (RMSSD) values appeared highest at 7 breaths per minute (p< 0.01). 
      High Frequency (HF) power was lowest at 4 BPM, whereas Low Frequency (LF) power 
      was not significantly influenced by respiration frequency. CONCLUSIONS: Breathing 
      at a frequency of 5 to 7 breaths per minute leads to highest HRV values, but 
      there is no single respiration ratio that maximizes all metrics. Physiotherapists 
      may use five to seven BPM as guidance to determine ideal breathing frequencies.
FAU - Soer, Remko
AU  - Soer R
AD  - Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Physical Activity, 
      Enschede, The Netherlands.
AD  - Groningen Pain Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of 
      Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
FAU - Six Dijkstra, Marianne W M C
AU  - Six Dijkstra MWMC
AD  - Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Physical Activity, 
      Enschede, The Netherlands.
FAU - Bieleman, Hendrik J
AU  - Bieleman HJ
AD  - Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Physical Activity, 
      Enschede, The Netherlands.
FAU - Oosterveld, Frits G J
AU  - Oosterveld FGJ
AD  - Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Physical Activity, 
      Enschede, The Netherlands.
FAU - Rijken, Noortje H M
AU  - Rijken NHM
AD  - Saxion University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Physical Activity, 
      Enschede, The Netherlands.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Randomized Controlled Trial
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil
JT  - Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation
JID - 9201340
SB  - IM
MH  - *Breathing Exercises
MH  - Cross-Sectional Studies
MH  - Healthy Volunteers
MH  - Heart Rate
MH  - Humans
MH  - Male
MH  - *Respiration
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Heart rate variability
OT  - breathing frequencies
OT  - physiotherapy
OT  - relaxation
OT  - stress
EDAT- 2021/05/25 06:00
MHDA- 2021/11/10 06:00
CRDT- 2021/05/24 07:54
PHST- 2021/05/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/11/10 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/05/24 07:54 [entrez]
AID - BMR200190 [pii]
AID - 10.3233/BMR-200190 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2021;34(6):1063-1068. doi: 10.3233/BMR-200190.