PMID- 34026577
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20210526
IS  - 2222-0682 (Print)
IS  - 2222-0682 (Electronic)
IS  - 2222-0682 (Linking)
VI  - 11
IP  - 3
DP  - 2021 May 20
TI  - Epidemiological link between obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cancer.
PG  - 23-45
LID - 10.5662/wjm.v11.i3.23 [doi]
AB  - There exists a complex interaction between obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus 
      (T2DM) and cancer, and an increase in the incidence of cancer is expected with 
      the growing obesity-diabetes pandemic. The association of cancer with diabetes 
      mellitus and obesity appears to be site-specific, the highest risk being for 
      post-menopausal breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and colorectal cancer. 
      Moreover, there is worsening of hyperglycaemia with the onset of cancer, 
      evidencing a bi-directional link between cancer and diabetes mellitus and the 
      need for monitoring for diabetes in cancer survivors. In this review, we look at 
      the epidemiological evidence from observational studies and Mendelian 
      randomization studies linking obesity, diabetes, and cancer, as well as the 
      complex pathophysiological mechanisms involved, including insulin resistance with 
      associated hyperinsulinaemia, the effect of chronic low-grade inflammation, and 
      the effect of various adipokines that are associated with obesity and T2DM. 
      Additionally, we describe the novel therapeutic strategies, based on their role 
      on the discrete pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the tumourigenesis.
CI  - (c)The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights 
      reserved.
FAU - Fernandez, Cornelius J
AU  - Fernandez CJ
AD  - Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Pilgrim Hospital, United Lincolnshire 
      Hospitals NHS Trust, Boston PE21 9QS, United Kingdom.
FAU - George, Annu Susan
AU  - George AS
AD  - Department of Medical Oncology, VPS Lakeshore Hospital, Cochin 682040, India.
FAU - Subrahmanyan, Nikhila A
AU  - Subrahmanyan NA
AD  - Department of Internal Medicine, Al-Azhar Medical College, Thodupuzha 685605, 
      India.
FAU - Pappachan, Joseph M
AU  - Pappachan JM
AD  - Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS 
      Trust, Preston PR2 9HT, United Kingdom.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210520
PL  - United States
TA  - World J Methodol
JT  - World journal of methodology
JID - 101628739
PMC - PMC8127420
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Cancer
OT  - Epidemiological link
OT  - Hyperinsulinaemia
OT  - Obesity
OT  - Type 2 diabetes mellitus
COIS- Conflict-of-interest statement: Dr. Pappachan and co-authors have nothing to 
      declare.
EDAT- 2021/05/25 06:00
MHDA- 2021/05/25 06:01
PMCR- 2021/05/20
CRDT- 2021/05/24 08:13
PHST- 2021/01/13 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/03/02 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/03/19 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/05/24 08:13 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/05/25 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/05/25 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/05/20 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.5662/wjm.v11.i3.23 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - World J Methodol. 2021 May 20;11(3):23-45. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v11.i3.23. 
      eCollection 2021 May 20.