PMID- 34030895
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220104
LR  - 20220104
IS  - 1879-1166 (Electronic)
IS  - 0198-8859 (Linking)
VI  - 82
IP  - 7
DP  - 2021 Jul
TI  - The changing landscape of HLA typing: Understanding how and when HLA typing data 
      can be used with confidence from bench to bedside.
PG  - 466-477
LID - S0198-8859(21)00115-4 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.humimm.2021.04.011 [doi]
AB  - Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes are extraordinary for their extreme diversity 
      and widespread impact on human health and disease. More than 30,000 HLA alleles 
      have been officially named and more alleles continue to be discovered at a rapid 
      pace. HLA typing systems which have been developed to detect HLA diversity have 
      advanced rapidly and are revolutionizing our understanding of HLA's clinical 
      importance. However, continuous improvements in knowledge and technology have 
      created challenges for clinicians and scientists. This review explains how 
      differences in HLA typing systems can impact the HLA types that are assigned. The 
      consequences of differences in laboratory testing methods and reference databases 
      are described. The challenges of using HLA types that are not equivalent are 
      illustrated. A fundamental understanding of the continual expansion of our 
      understanding of HLA diversity and limitations in some of the typing data is 
      essential for using typing data appropriately in clinical and research settings.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics. 
      Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Baxter-Lowe, Lee Ann
AU  - Baxter-Lowe LA
AD  - Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 
      USA; Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, USA. Electronic 
      address: lbaxterlowe@chla.usc.edu.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210521
PL  - United States
TA  - Hum Immunol
JT  - Human immunology
JID - 8010936
RN  - 0 (HLA Antigens)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Alleles
MH  - HLA Antigens/*genetics
MH  - *Histocompatibility Testing/methods
MH  - Humans
MH  - Translational Research, Biomedical
COIS- Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2021/05/26 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/05 06:00
CRDT- 2021/05/25 05:59
PHST- 2021/03/14 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/04/26 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/04/29 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/05/26 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/05 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/05/25 05:59 [entrez]
AID - S0198-8859(21)00115-4 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.humimm.2021.04.011 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Hum Immunol. 2021 Jul;82(7):466-477. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2021.04.011. Epub 2021 
      May 21.