PMID- 34033755
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220125
LR  - 20231107
IS  - 1872-6240 (Electronic)
IS  - 0006-8993 (Print)
IS  - 0006-8993 (Linking)
VI  - 1766
DP  - 2021 Sep 1
TI  - Higher maternal education is related to negative functional connectivity between 
      attention system networks and reading-related regions in children with reading 
      difficulties compared to typical readers.
PG  - 147532
LID - S0006-8993(21)00389-9 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147532 [doi]
AB  - Ten to 15% of school-age children have reading difficulties (RD, or dyslexia), 
      defined by deficits in phonological processing, fluency, and executive functions 
      (EFs). Although RD is referred to as a genetic disorder, reading ability may also 
      be affected by environmental factors such as inadequate exposure to literacy and 
      a lack of parental involvement. These environmental components are a part of the 
      socioeconomic status (SES) measure, which is defined by parental occupation, 
      educational attainment, and household income and are positively correlated to 
      reading ability. The goal of the current study was to relate maternal education, 
      a construct of SES to executive functions (EFs) that relate to reading in 
      children with RD compared to typical readers (TRs) using behavioral and 
      neurobiological resting-state fMRI data. The results show that higher maternal 
      education is negatively correlated to inhibitory control for TRs and not for 
      children with RD. Higher maternal education was also associated with negative 
      functional connectivity of the frontal-parietal network to the left central 
      opercular cortex and left occipital gyrus for children with RD compared to TRs. 
      These results suggest that higher maternal education has contrasting roles on the 
      behavioral and neurobiological correlates of EFs for children with RD compared to 
      TRs. We conclude that higher education levels for mothers may provide their 
      children with a structured environment and educational resources that may assist 
      their children with RD and TRs with cognitive development based on their reading 
      profile.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Greenwood, Paige
AU  - Greenwood P
AD  - Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Pediatric Neuroimaging Research 
      Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United 
      States.
FAU - Dudley, Jonathan
AU  - Dudley J
AD  - Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Pediatric Neuroimaging Research 
      Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United 
      States.
FAU - Hutton, John
AU  - Hutton J
AD  - Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Pediatric Neuroimaging Research 
      Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United 
      States.
FAU - DiFrancesco, Mark
AU  - DiFrancesco M
AD  - Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Pediatric Neuroimaging Research 
      Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United 
      States.
FAU - Farah, Rola
AU  - Farah R
AD  - Educational Neuroimaging Center, Faculty of Education in Science and Technology, 
      Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
FAU - Horowitz-Kraus, Tzipi
AU  - Horowitz-Kraus T
AD  - Reading and Literacy Discovery Center, Pediatric Neuroimaging Research 
      Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United 
      States; Educational Neuroimaging Center, Faculty of Education in Science and 
      Technology, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, Israel. 
      Electronic address: Tzipi.Kraus@Technion.ac.il.
LA  - eng
GR  - P50 HD103538/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
GR  - R01 HD086011/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/United States
PT  - Comparative Study
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
DEP - 20210524
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Brain Res
JT  - Brain research
JID - 0045503
SB  - IM
MH  - *Attention/physiology
MH  - Brain/*diagnostic imaging/physiology
MH  - Child
MH  - Dyslexia/*diagnostic imaging/physiopathology
MH  - *Educational Status
MH  - Executive Function/physiology
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods
MH  - Male
MH  - Nerve Net/*diagnostic imaging/physiology
MH  - *Reading
PMC - PMC8214310
MID - NIHMS1707611
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Children
OT  - Executive functions networks
OT  - Functional connectivity
OT  - Maternal education
OT  - Reading difficulties
OT  - Resting-state
COIS- Disclosure Statements All authors confirm that there is not a conflict of 
      interest.
EDAT- 2021/05/26 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/27 06:00
PMCR- 2022/09/01
CRDT- 2021/05/25 20:09
PHST- 2021/02/25 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/04/30 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/05/17 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/05/26 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/27 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/05/25 20:09 [entrez]
PHST- 2022/09/01 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - S0006-8993(21)00389-9 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147532 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Brain Res. 2021 Sep 1;1766:147532. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147532. Epub 2021 
      May 24.