PMID- 34053310 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20220106 LR - 20220106 IS - 2058-7384 (Electronic) IS - 0394-6320 (Print) IS - 0394-6320 (Linking) VI - 35 DP - 2021 Jan-Dec TI - Single sample scoring of hepatocellular carcinoma: A study based on data mining. PG - 20587384211018389 LID - 10.1177/20587384211018389 [doi] LID - 20587384211018389 AB - Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a high mortality malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Because the immune system plays a dual role by assisting the host barrier and tumor progression, there are complex interactions with considerable prognostic significance. Herein, we performed single-sample gene set enrichment (ssGSEA) to explore the tumor microenvironment (TME) and quantify the tumor-infiltrating immune cell (TIIC) subgroups of immune responses based on the HCC cohort of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. We evaluate molecular subpopulations, survival, function, and expression differential associations, as well as reveal potential targets, and biomarkers for immunotherapy. We combined the TME score and the 29 immune cell types in the low, medium, and high immunity groups. The stromal score, immune score, and ESTIMATE score were positively correlated with immune activity but negatively correlated with the tumor purity. There were 23 human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-related genes that were significantly different. However, KIAA1429 was not significant among the different immunity groups. Besides, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) expression increased with the increase of immune activity. This may provide valuable information for HCC immunotherapy. We also found that there was no significant difference in naive B cells, macrophages M1, activated mast cells, resting natural killer (NK) cells, and T cells gamma delta among the different immunity groups. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that the differential proteins were mainly enriched in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) metabolism, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis-heparan sulfate/heparin, glycosphingolipid biosynthesis-ganglio series and proteasome. Our findings provide a deeper understanding of the immune scene, uncovering remarkable immune infiltration patterns of various subtypes of HCC using ssGSEA. This study advances the understanding of immune response and provides a basis for research to enhance immunotherapy. FAU - Zhu, Dan AU - Zhu D AD - Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. FAU - Wu, Zeng-Hong AU - Wu ZH AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-4977-6478 AD - Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. FAU - Xu, Ling AU - Xu L AD - Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. FAU - Yang, Dong-Liang AU - Yang DL AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-5923-4560 AD - Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. LA - eng PT - Journal Article PL - England TA - Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol JT - International journal of immunopathology and pharmacology JID - 8911335 SB - IM MH - Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/*genetics/*immunology MH - Data Mining MH - *Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic MH - Humans MH - Liver Neoplasms/*genetics/*immunology MH - Tumor Microenvironment/genetics/immunology PMC - PMC8168165 OTO - NOTNLM OT - HCC OT - data mining OT - gene expression OT - ssGSEA COIS- Declaration of conflicting interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. EDAT- 2021/06/01 06:00 MHDA- 2022/01/07 06:00 PMCR- 2021/05/29 CRDT- 2021/05/31 05:24 PHST- 2021/05/31 05:24 [entrez] PHST- 2021/06/01 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2022/01/07 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2021/05/29 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 10.1177_20587384211018389 [pii] AID - 10.1177/20587384211018389 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2021 Jan-Dec;35:20587384211018389. doi: 10.1177/20587384211018389.