PMID- 34063441
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20210605
IS  - 2072-666X (Print)
IS  - 2072-666X (Electronic)
IS  - 2072-666X (Linking)
VI  - 12
IP  - 5
DP  - 2021 May 15
TI  - High-Efficiency Parallel Cryptographic Accelerator for Real-Time Guaranteeing 
      Dynamic Data Security in Embedded Systems.
LID - 10.3390/mi12050560 [doi]
LID - 560
AB  - Dynamic data security in embedded systems is raising more and more concerns in 
      numerous safety-critical applications. In particular, the data exchanges in 
      embedded Systems-on-Chip (SoCs) using main memory are exposing many security 
      vulnerabilities to external attacks, which will cause confidential information 
      leakages and program execution failures for SoCs at key points. Therefore, this 
      paper presents a security SoC architecture with integrating a four-parallel 
      Advanced Encryption Standard-Galois/Counter Mode (AES-GCM) cryptographic 
      accelerator for achieving high-efficiency data processing to guarantee data 
      exchange security between the SoC and main memory against bus monitoring, 
      off-line analysis, and data tampering attacks. The architecture design has been 
      implemented and verified on a Xilinx Virtex-5 Field Programmable Gate Array 
      (FPGA) platform. Based on evaluation of the cryptographic accelerator in terms of 
      performance overhead, security capability, processing efficiency, and resource 
      consumption, experimental results show that the parallel cryptographic 
      accelerator does not incur significant performance overhead on providing 
      confidentiality and integrity protections for exchanged data; its average 
      performance overhead reduces to as low as 2.65% on typical 8-KB I/D-Caches, and 
      its data processing efficiency is around 3 times that of the pipelined AES-GCM 
      construction. The reinforced SoC under the data tampering attacks and benchmark 
      tests confirms the effectiveness against external physical attacks and satisfies 
      a good trade-off between high-efficiency and hardware overhead.
FAU - Zhang, Zhun
AU  - Zhang Z
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7726-4547
AD  - School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 
      100191, China.
FAU - Wang, Xiang
AU  - Wang X
AD  - School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 
      100191, China.
FAU - Hao, Qiang
AU  - Hao Q
AD  - School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 
      100191, China.
FAU - Xu, Dongdong
AU  - Xu D
AD  - School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 
      100191, China.
FAU - Zhang, Jinlei
AU  - Zhang J
AD  - School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 
      100191, China.
FAU - Liu, Jiakang
AU  - Liu J
AD  - School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 
      100191, China.
FAU - Ma, Jinhui
AU  - Ma J
AD  - School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 
      100191, China.
LA  - eng
GR  - 60973106 81571142/National Natural Science Foundation of China/
GR  - 61232009/Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China/
GR  - 2011AA010404/National 863 Project of China/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210515
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Micromachines (Basel)
JT  - Micromachines
JID - 101640903
PMC - PMC8155854
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - AES-GCM
OT  - SoC
OT  - cryptographic accelerator
OT  - dynamic data security
OT  - hardware security
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/06/03 06:00
MHDA- 2021/06/03 06:01
PMCR- 2021/05/15
CRDT- 2021/06/02 01:06
PHST- 2021/04/13 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/05/07 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/05/11 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/06/02 01:06 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/06/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/06/03 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/05/15 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - mi12050560 [pii]
AID - micromachines-12-00560 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/mi12050560 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Micromachines (Basel). 2021 May 15;12(5):560. doi: 10.3390/mi12050560.