PMID- 34068747
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210621
LR  - 20210621
IS  - 1660-4601 (Electronic)
IS  - 1661-7827 (Print)
IS  - 1660-4601 (Linking)
VI  - 18
IP  - 9
DP  - 2021 May 10
TI  - Contamination of Foods from Cameroon with Residues of 20 Halogenated Pesticides, 
      and Health Risk of Adult Human Dietary Exposure.
LID - 10.3390/ijerph18095043 [doi]
LID - 5043
AB  - (1) Background: Halogenated pesticides are abundantly used in Cameroon, but there 
      is no information on the health risk of consumers from exposure to their residues 
      in foods. (2) Methods: Residues of 20 halogenated pesticides were determined in 
      11 agricultural products collected in the 3 largest cities of Cameroon using 
      QuEChERS extraction and gas chromatography with electron capture detector 
      (GC-ECD), and health risk from dietary exposure was assessed. (3) Results: 
      Organochlorines pesticides aldrin, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) 
      and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH) found in 85.0%, 81.9% and 72.5% of samples, 
      respectively, were the most frequently detected. The highest average 
      concentrations of residues were 1.12, 0.74 and 0.39 mg/kg for methoxychlor, 
      alachlor and beta-HCH, respectively, found in chilli pepper. Chili pepper (58.9%), 
      cowpea (56.8%), black beans (56.5%) and kidney beans (54.0%) exhibited the 
      highest residue occurrences. Levels above the European Union maximum residue 
      limits (MRLs) were found for all the 20 pesticides, in 40.1% of the positive 
      analyses, and the food samples contained 14 pesticides banned in Cameroon. 
      Chronic, acute, cumulative and carcinogenic risk assessments revealed that 
      lifetime consumption of maize, black beans, kidney beans, groundnuts and chili 
      pepper contaminated with aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, HCB, heptachlor, o,p'-DDT, 
      p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE and beta-HCH, could pose health risks. (4) Conclusion: 
      These results show that there is an urgent need of pesticide usage regulation, 
      effective application of pesticide bans and management of obsolete pesticide 
      stocks in Cameroon.
FAU - Galani, Yamdeu Joseph Hubert
AU  - Galani YJH
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-4841-7414
AD  - School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
AD  - Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent 
      University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
FAU - Houbraken, Michael
AU  - Houbraken M
AD  - Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent 
      University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
FAU - Wumbei, Abukari
AU  - Wumbei A
AD  - Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent 
      University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
FAU - Djeugap, Joseph Fovo
AU  - Djeugap JF
AD  - Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, 
      University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 222, Cameroon.
FAU - Fotio, Daniel
AU  - Fotio D
AD  - Inter-States Pesticides Committee of Central Africa, Yaounde P.O. Box 16344, 
      Cameroon.
FAU - Gong, Yun Yun
AU  - Gong YY
AD  - School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
FAU - Spanoghe, Pieter
AU  - Spanoghe P
AD  - Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent 
      University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
LA  - eng
GR  - BBSRC BB/P027784/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research 
      Council/United Kingdom
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20210510
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Int J Environ Res Public Health
JT  - International journal of environmental research and public health
JID - 101238455
RN  - 0 (Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated)
RN  - 0 (Pesticide Residues)
RN  - 0 (Pesticides)
RN  - 7GLS9ACN3L (Heptachlor)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - Cameroon
MH  - Dietary Exposure
MH  - Heptachlor/analysis
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/analysis
MH  - *Pesticide Residues/analysis
MH  - *Pesticides/analysis/toxicity
PMC - PMC8126213
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Cameroon
OT  - POPs
OT  - food safety
OT  - organochlorine
OT  - pesticide residues
OT  - risk assessment
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/06/03 06:00
MHDA- 2021/06/22 06:00
PMCR- 2021/05/10
CRDT- 2021/06/02 01:23
PHST- 2021/04/06 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/04/30 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/05/07 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/06/02 01:23 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/06/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/06/22 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/05/10 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ijerph18095043 [pii]
AID - ijerph-18-05043 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ijerph18095043 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 May 10;18(9):5043. doi: 
      10.3390/ijerph18095043.