PMID- 34070568
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20240402
IS  - 1996-1944 (Print)
IS  - 1996-1944 (Electronic)
IS  - 1996-1944 (Linking)
VI  - 14
IP  - 11
DP  - 2021 May 25
TI  - Degradation Monitoring of HDPE Material in CO(2)-Saturated NaCl Environment 
      through Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Technique.
LID - 10.3390/ma14112823 [doi]
LID - 2823
AB  - Extensive damage due to saturated seawater and CO(2) exposure under high 
      temperature and pressure in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) has been studied by 
      Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), 
      Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope 
      (FESEM), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The degradation of 
      square-shaped HDPE samples having 1 mm thickness was investigated at 70 bars with 
      60, 75, and 90  degrees C separately for three weeks in an autoclave chamber. A clear 
      indication of aging was observed in terms of chain scission by the formation of 
      the methyl group (1262 cm(-1)), and the appearance of degradation products, 
      including the alcohol and hydroxyl groups. The decline in glass transition 
      temperature (T(g)), melting point (T(m)), and crystallinity (X(c)) result from 
      branching and formation of degradation products in the aged samples. TGA results 
      reveal that the degradation shifts the characteristic temperatures (T(5%) and 
      T(10%)) to lower values compared to virgin HDPE. FESEM images show clear surface 
      cracks and rough patches after 3 weeks. The X(c) value increased due to chain 
      mobility at higher temperatures (90  degrees C). The impedance is relatively high 10(11) 
      ohms.cm(-2) for a virgin sample, but it drops down to 10(9) and 10(6) after 
      degradation. Impedance and dielectric loss were correlated, and the significance 
      of dielectric loss was observed at lower frequencies. These characterizations 
      will contribute to more efficient and detailed evaluation criteria for 
      degradation monitoring.
FAU - Khalid, Hafiz Usman
AU  - Khalid HU
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2847-8850
AD  - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak 32610, 
      Malaysia.
FAU - Ismail, Mokhtar Che
AU  - Ismail MC
AD  - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak 32610, 
      Malaysia.
FAU - Nosbi, Norlin
AU  - Nosbi N
AD  - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak 32610, 
      Malaysia.
LA  - eng
GR  - 015LC0-163/Yayasan UTP/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210525
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Materials (Basel)
JT  - Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
JID - 101555929
PMC - PMC8198556
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - CO2 exposure
OT  - EIS
OT  - HDPE
OT  - degradation monitoring
OT  - dielectric
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/06/03 06:00
MHDA- 2021/06/03 06:01
PMCR- 2021/05/25
CRDT- 2021/06/02 01:29
PHST- 2021/04/21 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/05/21 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/05/21 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/06/02 01:29 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/06/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/06/03 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/05/25 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ma14112823 [pii]
AID - materials-14-02823 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ma14112823 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Materials (Basel). 2021 May 25;14(11):2823. doi: 10.3390/ma14112823.