PMID- 34083724 OWN - NLM STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE LR - 20210608 IS - 2398-6352 (Electronic) IS - 2398-6352 (Linking) VI - 4 IP - 1 DP - 2021 Jun 3 TI - Evaluation of biases in remote photoplethysmography methods. PG - 91 LID - 10.1038/s41746-021-00462-z [doi] LID - 91 AB - This work investigates the estimation biases of remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) methods for pulse rate measurement across diverse demographics. Advances in photoplethysmography (PPG) and rPPG methods have enabled the development of contact and noncontact approaches for continuous monitoring and collection of patient health data. The contagious nature of viruses such as COVID-19 warrants noncontact methods for physiological signal estimation. However, these approaches are subject to estimation biases due to variations in environmental conditions and subject demographics. The performance of contact-based wearable sensors has been evaluated, using off-the-shelf devices across demographics. However, the measurement uncertainty of rPPG methods that estimate pulse rate has not been sufficiently tested across diverse demographic populations or environments. Quantifying the efficacy of rPPG methods in real-world conditions is critical in determining their potential viability as health monitoring solutions. Currently, publicly available face datasets accompanied by physiological measurements are typically captured in controlled laboratory settings, lacking diversity in subject skin tones, age, and cultural artifacts (e.g, bindi worn by Indian women). In this study, we collect pulse rate and facial video data from human subjects in India and Sierra Leone, in order to quantify the uncertainty in noncontact pulse rate estimation methods. The video data are used to estimate pulse rate using state-of-the-art rPPG camera-based methods, and compared against ground truth measurements captured using an FDA-approved contact-based pulse rate measurement device. Our study reveals that rPPG methods exhibit similar biases when compared with a contact-based device across demographic groups and environmental conditions. The mean difference between pulse rates measured by rPPG methods and the ground truth is found to be ~2% (1 beats per minute (b.p.m.)), signifying agreement of rPPG methods with the ground truth. We also find that rPPG methods show pulse rate variability of ~15% (11 b.p.m.), as compared to the ground truth. We investigate factors impacting rPPG methods and discuss solutions aimed at mitigating variance. FAU - Dasari, Ananyananda AU - Dasari A AD - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. FAU - Prakash, Sakthi Kumar Arul AU - Prakash SKA AD - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. FAU - Jeni, Laszlo A AU - Jeni LA AD - The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. FAU - Tucker, Conrad S AU - Tucker CS AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5365-0240 AD - Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. conradt@andrew.cmu.edu. AD - The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. conradt@andrew.cmu.edu. AD - Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. conradt@andrew.cmu.edu. AD - Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. conradt@andrew.cmu.edu. AD - CyLab Security and Privacy Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. conradt@andrew.cmu.edu. LA - eng GR - INV-002154/Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)/ GR - INV-002154/Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)/ PT - Journal Article DEP - 20210603 PL - England TA - NPJ Digit Med JT - NPJ digital medicine JID - 101731738 PMC - PMC8175478 COIS- The authors declare no competing interests. EDAT- 2021/06/05 06:00 MHDA- 2021/06/05 06:01 PMCR- 2021/06/03 CRDT- 2021/06/04 06:52 PHST- 2021/01/31 00:00 [received] PHST- 2021/05/03 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2021/06/04 06:52 [entrez] PHST- 2021/06/05 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2021/06/05 06:01 [medline] PHST- 2021/06/03 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 10.1038/s41746-021-00462-z [pii] AID - 462 [pii] AID - 10.1038/s41746-021-00462-z [doi] PST - epublish SO - NPJ Digit Med. 2021 Jun 3;4(1):91. doi: 10.1038/s41746-021-00462-z.