PMID- 34090451
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210712
LR  - 20210712
IS  - 1550-2783 (Electronic)
IS  - 1550-2783 (Linking)
VI  - 18
IP  - 1
DP  - 2021 Jun 5
TI  - Effects of 14-weeks betaine supplementation on pro-inflammatory cytokines and 
      hematology status in professional youth soccer players during a competition 
      season: a double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
PG  - 42
LID - 10.1186/s12970-021-00441-5 [doi]
LID - 42
AB  - OBJECTIVE: Systemic elevations in pro-inflammatory cytokines are a marker of 
      non-functional over reaching, and betaine has been shown to reduce the secretion 
      of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro. The aim of this study was to investigate 
      the effects of betaine supplementation on tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), 
      interleukins-1 beta (IL-1beta), - 6 (IL-6) and the complete blood cell (CBC) count 
      in professional youth soccer players during a competitive season. METHODS: 
      Twenty-nine soccer players (age, 15.5 +/- 0.3 years) were randomly divided into two 
      groups based on playing position: betaine group (BG, n = 14, 2 g/day) or placebo 
      group (PG, n = 15). During the 14-week period, training load was matched and 
      well-being indicators were monitored daily. The aforementioned cytokines and CBC 
      were assessed at pre- (P1), mid- (P2), and post- (P3) season. RESULTS: 
      Significant (p < 0.05) group x time interactions were found for TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and 
      IL-6. These variables were lower in the BG at P2 and P3 compared to P1, while 
      IL-1beta was greater in the PG at P3 compared to P1 (p = 0.033). The CBC count 
      analysis showed there was significant group by time interactions for white blood 
      cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and mean corpuscular 
      hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). WBC demonstrated increases at P3 compared to P2 
      in PG (p = 0.034); RBC was less at P3 compared to P1 in BG (p = 0.020); Hb was 
      greater at P2 compared to P1, whilst it was less at P3 compared to P3 for both 
      groups. MCHC was greater at P3 and P2 compared to P1 in BG, whereas MCHC was 
      significantly lower at P3 compared to P2 in the PG (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: The 
      results confirmed that 14 weeks of betaine supplementation prevented an increase 
      in pro-inflammatory cytokines and WBC counts. It seems that betaine 
      supplementation may be a useful nutritional strategy to regulate the immune 
      response during a fatiguing soccer season.
FAU - Nobari, Hadi
AU  - Nobari H
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7951-8977
AD  - Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of 
      Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-7344, Iran. hadi.nobari1@gmail.com.
FAU - Cholewa, Jason M
AU  - Cholewa JM
AD  - Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Health 587 Sciences, University of 
      Lynchburg, Lynchburg, 24501, VA, USA.
FAU - Perez-Gomez, Jorge
AU  - Perez-Gomez J
AD  - HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 
      Caceres, 10003, Spain.
FAU - Castillo-Rodriguez, Alfonso
AU  - Castillo-Rodriguez A
AD  - Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Granada, Granada, 
      18010, Spain.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Randomized Controlled Trial
DEP - 20210605
PL  - United States
TA  - J Int Soc Sports Nutr
JT  - Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition
JID - 101234168
RN  - 0 (Biomarkers)
RN  - 0 (Cytokines)
RN  - 0 (IL1B protein, human)
RN  - 0 (IL6 protein, human)
RN  - 0 (Interleukin-1beta)
RN  - 0 (Interleukin-6)
RN  - 0 (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha)
RN  - 3SCV180C9W (Betaine)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adolescent
MH  - Betaine/*administration & dosage
MH  - Biomarkers/blood
MH  - Blood Cell Count
MH  - Competitive Behavior/*physiology
MH  - Cytokines/*blood
MH  - *Dietary Supplements
MH  - Double-Blind Method
MH  - Erythrocyte Indices
MH  - Hemoglobinometry
MH  - Humans
MH  - Interleukin-1beta/blood
MH  - Interleukin-6/blood
MH  - Soccer/*physiology
MH  - Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood
PMC - PMC8180114
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Football
OT  - IL-1beta
OT  - Immune system
OT  - Nonfunctional over-reaching
OT  - Youth sports
COIS- The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
EDAT- 2021/06/07 06:00
MHDA- 2021/07/13 06:00
PMCR- 2021/06/05
CRDT- 2021/06/06 20:29
PHST- 2021/03/19 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/05/12 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/06/06 20:29 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/06/07 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/07/13 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/06/05 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.1186/s12970-021-00441-5 [pii]
AID - 441 [pii]
AID - 10.1186/s12970-021-00441-5 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2021 Jun 5;18(1):42. doi: 10.1186/s12970-021-00441-5.