PMID- 34091260
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210714
LR  - 20210714
IS  - 1873-6424 (Electronic)
IS  - 0269-7491 (Linking)
VI  - 284
DP  - 2021 Sep 1
TI  - Modelling local nanobiomaterial release and concentration hotspots in the 
      environment.
PG  - 117399
LID - S0269-7491(21)00981-7 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117399 [doi]
AB  - Nanobiomaterials (NBMs) are a special category of nanomaterials used in medicine. 
      As applications of NBMs are very similar to pharmaceuticals, their environmental 
      release patterns are likely similar as well. Different pharmaceuticals were 
      detected in surface waters all over the world. Consequently, there exists a need 
      to identify possible NBM exposure routes into the environment. As the application 
      of many NBMs is only carried out at specific locations (hospitals), average 
      predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) may not accurately represent their 
      release to the environment. We estimated the local release of 
      poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), which is investigated for their use in drug 
      delivery, to Swiss surface waters by using population data as well as type, size 
      and location of hospitals as proxies. The total mean consumption of PGLA in 
      Switzerland using an explorative full-market penetration scenario was calculated 
      to be 770 kg/year. 105 hospitals were considered, which were connected to 
      wastewater treatment plants and the receiving water body using graphic 
      information system (GIS) modelling. The water body dataset contained 20,167 river 
      segments and 210 lake polygons. Using the discharge of the river, we were able to 
      calculate the PECs in different river segments. While we calculated high PLGA 
      releases of 2.24 and 2.03 kg/year in large cities such as Geneva or Zurich, the 
      resulting local PECs of 220 and 660 pg/l, respectively, were low due to the high 
      river discharge (330 and 97 m(3)/s). High PLGA concentrations (up to 7,900 pg/l) 
      on the other hand were calculated around smaller cities with local hospitals but 
      also smaller receiving rivers (between 0.7 and 1.9 m(3)/s). Therefore, we 
      conclude that population density does not accurately predict local concentration 
      hotspots of NBMs, such as PLGA, that are administered in a hospital context. In 
      addition, even at the locations with the highest predicted PLGA concentrations, 
      the expected risk is low.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
FAU - Hauser, Marina
AU  - Hauser M
AD  - Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 
      Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
FAU - Nowack, Bernd
AU  - Nowack B
AD  - Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 
      Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland. Electronic address: 
      nowack@empa.ch.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210518
PL  - England
TA  - Environ Pollut
JT  - Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
JID - 8804476
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
SB  - IM
MH  - Cities
MH  - *Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Rivers
MH  - Switzerland
MH  - *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Exposure modelling
OT  - Geographic information system
OT  - Nanobiomaterials
EDAT- 2021/06/07 06:00
MHDA- 2021/07/15 06:00
CRDT- 2021/06/06 20:59
PHST- 2021/03/16 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/05/12 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/05/13 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/06/07 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/07/15 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/06/06 20:59 [entrez]
AID - S0269-7491(21)00981-7 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117399 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Pollut. 2021 Sep 1;284:117399. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117399. Epub 
      2021 May 18.