PMID- 34150674 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20210705 LR - 20220531 IS - 2235-2988 (Electronic) IS - 2235-2988 (Linking) VI - 11 DP - 2021 TI - Effects of Oral Liposomal Glutathione in Altering the Immune Responses Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the Mycobacterium bovis BCG Strain in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes. PG - 657775 LID - 10.3389/fcimb.2021.657775 [doi] LID - 657775 AB - The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified type 2 diabetes (T2DM) as a neglected, important, and re-emerging risk factor for tuberculosis (TB), especially in low and middle-income countries where TB is endemic. In this clinical trial study, oral liposomal glutathione supplementation (L-GSH) or placebo was given to individuals with T2DM to investigate the therapeutic effects of L-GSH supplementation. We report that L-GSH supplementation for 3 months in people with T2DM was able to reduce the levels of oxidative stress in all blood components and prevent depletion of glutathione (GSH) in this population known to be GSH deficient. Additionally, L-GSH supplementation significantly reduced the burden of intracellular mycobacteria within in vitro granulomas generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of T2DM subjects. L-GSH supplementation also increased the levels of Th1-associated cytokines, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-2 and decreased levels of IL-6 and IL-10. In conclusion our studies indicate that oral L-GSH supplementation in individuals with T2DM for three months was able to maintain the levels of GSH, reduce oxidative stress, and diminish mycobacterial burden within in vitro generated granulomas of diabetics. L-GSH supplementation for 3 months in diabetics was also able to modulate the levels of various cytokines. CI - Copyright (c) 2021 To, Cao, Yegiazaryan, Owens, Nguyen, Sasaninia, Vaughn, Singh, Truong, Medina, Avitia, Villegas, Pham, Sathananthan and Venketaraman. FAU - To, Kimberly AU - To K AD - Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States. FAU - Cao, Ruoqiong AU - Cao R AD - College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States. FAU - Yegiazaryan, Aram AU - Yegiazaryan A AD - Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States. AD - College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States. FAU - Owens, James AU - Owens J AD - College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States. FAU - Nguyen, Timothy AU - Nguyen T AD - College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States. FAU - Sasaninia, Kayvan AU - Sasaninia K AD - Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States. FAU - Vaughn, Charles AU - Vaughn C AD - Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States. FAU - Singh, Mohkam AU - Singh M AD - Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States. FAU - Truong, Edward AU - Truong E AD - Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States. FAU - Medina, Albert AU - Medina A AD - College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States. FAU - Avitia, Edith AU - Avitia E AD - College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States. FAU - Villegas, Jose AU - Villegas J AD - College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States. FAU - Pham, Christal AU - Pham C AD - College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States. FAU - Sathananthan, Airani AU - Sathananthan A AD - College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States. FAU - Venketaraman, Vishwanath AU - Venketaraman V AD - Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States. AD - College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States. LA - eng GR - R15 HL143545/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States PT - Journal Article PT - Randomized Controlled Trial PT - Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural DEP - 20210603 PL - Switzerland TA - Front Cell Infect Microbiol JT - Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology JID - 101585359 RN - 0 (BCG Vaccine) RN - 0 (Cytokines) RN - GAN16C9B8O (Glutathione) SB - IM MH - BCG Vaccine MH - Cytokines MH - *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 MH - Glutathione MH - Humans MH - Immunity MH - Leukocytes, Mononuclear MH - *Mycobacterium bovis MH - *Mycobacterium tuberculosis PMC - PMC8211104 OTO - NOTNLM OT - cytokine - immunological terms OT - host directed therapy OT - immune responses OT - mycobacteria OT - oxidative stress OT - type 2 diabetes COIS- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. EDAT- 2021/06/22 06:00 MHDA- 2021/07/06 06:00 PMCR- 2021/01/01 CRDT- 2021/06/21 06:00 PHST- 2021/01/24 00:00 [received] PHST- 2021/05/11 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2021/06/21 06:00 [entrez] PHST- 2021/06/22 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2021/07/06 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2021/01/01 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 10.3389/fcimb.2021.657775 [doi] PST - epublish SO - Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021 Jun 3;11:657775. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.657775. eCollection 2021.