PMID- 34199023
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20210727
IS  - 2076-3425 (Print)
IS  - 2076-3425 (Electronic)
IS  - 2076-3425 (Linking)
VI  - 11
IP  - 7
DP  - 2021 Jun 27
TI  - Therapeutic Potentials of Ketamine and Esketamine in Obsessive-Compulsive 
      Disorder (OCD), Substance Use Disorders (SUD) and Eating Disorders (ED): A Review 
      of the Current Literature.
LID - 10.3390/brainsci11070856 [doi]
LID - 856
AB  - The obsessive-compulsive spectrum refers to disorders drawn from several 
      diagnostic categories that share core features related to obsessive-compulsive 
      disorder (OCD), such as obsessive thoughts, compulsive behaviors and anxiety. 
      Disorders that include these features can be grouped according to the focus of 
      the symptoms, e.g., bodily preoccupation (i.e., eating disorders, ED) or impulse 
      control (i.e., substance use disorders, SUD), and they exhibit intriguing 
      similarities in phenomenology, etiology, pathophysiology, patient characteristics 
      and clinical outcomes. The non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) 
      antagonist ketamine has been indicated to produce remarkable results in patients 
      with treatment-resistant depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and OCD in 
      dozens of small studies accrued over the past decade, and it appears to be 
      promising in the treatment of SUD and ED. However, despite many small studies, 
      solid evidence for the benefits of its use in the treatment of OCD spectrum and 
      addiction is still lacking. Thus, the aim of this perspective article is to 
      examine the potential for ketamine and esketamine in treating OCD, ED and SUD, 
      which all involve recurring and intrusive thoughts and generate associated 
      compulsive behavior. A comprehensive and updated overview of the literature 
      regarding the pharmacological mechanisms of action of both ketamine and 
      esketamine, as well as their therapeutic advantages over current treatments, are 
      provided in this paper. An electronic search was performed, including all papers 
      published up to April 2021, using the following keywords ("ketamine" or 
      "esketamine") AND ("obsessive" OR "compulsive" OR "OCD" OR "SUD" OR "substance 
      use disorder" OR "addiction" OR "craving" OR "eating" OR "anorexia") NOT review 
      NOT animal NOT "in vitro", on the PubMed, Cochrane Library and Web of Science 
      online databases. The review was conducted in accordance with preferred reporting 
      items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The use and 
      efficacy of ketamine in SUD, ED and OCD is supported by glutamatergic 
      neurotransmission dysregulation, which plays an important role in these 
      conditions. Ketamine's use is increasing, and preliminary data are optimistic. 
      Further studies are needed in order to better clarify the many unknowns related 
      to the use of both ketamine and esketamine in SUD, ED and OCD, and to understand 
      their long-term effectiveness.
FAU - Martinotti, Giovanni
AU  - Martinotti G
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-7292-2341
AD  - Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Universita degli 
      Studi G. D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
AD  - Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, 
      School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire 
      AL10 9AB, UK.
FAU - Chiappini, Stefania
AU  - Chiappini S
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6810-1540
AD  - Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Universita degli 
      Studi G. D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
AD  - Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, 
      School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire 
      AL10 9AB, UK.
FAU - Pettorruso, Mauro
AU  - Pettorruso M
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4164-3040
AD  - Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Universita degli 
      Studi G. D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
FAU - Mosca, Alessio
AU  - Mosca A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-3832-1398
AD  - Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Universita degli 
      Studi G. D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
FAU - Miuli, Andrea
AU  - Miuli A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2431-0460
AD  - Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Universita degli 
      Studi G. D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
FAU - Di Carlo, Francesco
AU  - Di Carlo F
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-8058-3426
AD  - Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Universita degli 
      Studi G. D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
FAU - D'Andrea, Giacomo
AU  - D'Andrea G
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-6808-3960
AD  - Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Universita degli 
      Studi G. D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
FAU - Collevecchio, Roberta
AU  - Collevecchio R
AD  - Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Universita degli 
      Studi G. D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
FAU - Di Muzio, Ilenia
AU  - Di Muzio I
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4951-215X
AD  - Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Universita degli 
      Studi G. D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
FAU - Sensi, Stefano L
AU  - Sensi SL
AD  - Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Universita degli 
      Studi G. D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
FAU - Di Giannantonio, Massimo
AU  - Di Giannantonio M
AD  - Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Universita degli 
      Studi G. D'Annunzio, 66100 Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210627
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Brain Sci
JT  - Brain sciences
JID - 101598646
PMC - PMC8301752
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - S-ketamine
OT  - anorexia
OT  - bulimia
OT  - eating disorder
OT  - esketamine
OT  - ketamine
OT  - obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
OT  - substance use disorder
COIS- G.M. has been a consultant and/or a speaker and/or has received research grants 
      from Angelini, Doc Generici, Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Pfizer, Servier and 
      Recordati. S.C., M.P., SS, A.M. (Alessio Mosca), F.D.C., G.D., R.C. and I.D.M. 
      have nothing to declare. M.D.G. has been a consultant and/or a speaker and/or has 
      received research grants from Angelini, Janssen-Cilag, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Pfizer, 
      Servier and Recordati.
EDAT- 2021/07/03 06:00
MHDA- 2021/07/03 06:01
PMCR- 2021/06/27
CRDT- 2021/07/02 01:02
PHST- 2021/05/19 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/06/10 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/06/22 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/07/02 01:02 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/07/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/07/03 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/06/27 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - brainsci11070856 [pii]
AID - brainsci-11-00856 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/brainsci11070856 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Brain Sci. 2021 Jun 27;11(7):856. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11070856.