PMID- 34200711
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20210705
IS  - 2073-4360 (Electronic)
IS  - 2073-4360 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 12
DP  - 2021 Jun 10
TI  - Rare-Earth Oxides as Alternative High-Energy Photon Protective Fillers in HDPE 
      Composites: Theoretical Aspects.
LID - 10.3390/polym13121930 [doi]
LID - 1930
AB  - This work theoretically determined the high-energy photon shielding properties of 
      high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites containing rare-earth oxides, namely 
      samarium oxide (Sm(2)O(3)), europium oxide (Eu(2)O(3)), and gadolinium oxide 
      (Gd(2)O(3)), for potential use as lead-free X-ray-shielding and gamma-shielding 
      materials using the XCOM software package. The considered properties were the 
      mass attenuation coefficient (micro(m)), linear attenuation coefficient (micro), half 
      value layer (HVL), and lead equivalence (Pb(eq)) that were investigated at 
      varying photon energies (0.001-5 MeV) and filler contents (0-60 wt.%). The 
      results were in good agreement (less than 2% differences) with other available 
      programs (Phy-X/PSD) and Monte Carlo particle transport simulation code, namely 
      PHITS, which showed that the overall high-energy photon shielding abilities of 
      the composites considerably increased with increasing rare-earth oxide contents 
      but reduced with increasing photon energies. In particular, the Gd(2)O(3)/HDPE 
      composites had the highest micro(m) values at photon energies of 0.1, 0.5, and 5 MeV, 
      due to having the highest atomic number (Z). Furthermore, the Pb(eq) 
      determination of the composites within the X-ray energy ranges indicated that the 
      10 mm thick samples with filler contents of 40 wt.% and 50 wt.% had Pb(eq) values 
      greater than the minimum requirements for shielding materials used in general 
      diagnostic X-ray rooms and computerized tomography rooms, which required Pb(eq) 
      values of at least 1.0 and 1.5 mmPb, respectively. In addition, the comparisons 
      of micro(m), micro, and HVL among the rare-earth oxide/HDPE composites investigated in 
      this work and other lead-free X-ray shielding composites revealed that the 
      materials developed in this work exhibited comparable X-ray shielding properties 
      in comparison with that of the latter, implying great potential to be used as 
      effective X-ray shielding materials in actual applications.
FAU - Saenboonruang, Kiadtisak
AU  - Saenboonruang K
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7401-3654
AD  - Department of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart 
      University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
AD  - Specialized Center of Rubber and Polymer Materials in Agriculture and Industry 
      (RPM), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
FAU - Poltabtim, Worawat
AU  - Poltabtim W
AD  - Department of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart 
      University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
FAU - Thumwong, Arkarapol
AU  - Thumwong A
AD  - Department of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart 
      University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
FAU - Pianpanit, Theerasarn
AU  - Pianpanit T
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2615-4131
AD  - Department of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart 
      University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
FAU - Rattanapongs, Chanis
AU  - Rattanapongs C
AD  - Department of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart 
      University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
LA  - eng
GR  - FF(KU)25.64/Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210610
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Polymers (Basel)
JT  - Polymers
JID - 101545357
PMC - PMC8230413
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Eu2O3
OT  - Gd2O3
OT  - HDPE
OT  - Sm2O3
OT  - X-ray
OT  - XCOM
OT  - gamma
OT  - photon
OT  - shielding
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the 
      design of the study; the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; the 
      writing of the manuscript; or the decision to publish the results.
EDAT- 2021/07/03 06:00
MHDA- 2021/07/03 06:01
PMCR- 2021/06/10
CRDT- 2021/07/02 01:08
PHST- 2021/04/30 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/06/06 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/06/09 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/07/02 01:08 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/07/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/07/03 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/06/10 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - polym13121930 [pii]
AID - polymers-13-01930 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/polym13121930 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Polymers (Basel). 2021 Jun 10;13(12):1930. doi: 10.3390/polym13121930.