PMID- 34202594
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20231107
IS  - 2073-4360 (Electronic)
IS  - 2073-4360 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 13
DP  - 2021 Jun 24
TI  - Safety of Plastic Food Packaging: The Challenges about Non-Intentionally Added 
      Substances (NIAS) Discovery, Identification and Risk Assessment.
LID - 10.3390/polym13132077 [doi]
LID - 2077
AB  - Several food contact materials (FCMs) contain non-intentionally added substances 
      (NIAS), and most of the substances that migrate from plastic food packaging are 
      unknown. This review aimed to situate the main challenges involving unknown NIAS 
      in plastic food packaging in terms of identification, migration tests, 
      prediction, sample preparation, determination methods and risk assessment trials. 
      Most studies have identified NIAS in plastic materials as polyurethane adhesives 
      (PU), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyester coatings, polypropylene 
      materials (PP), multilayers materials, plastic films, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 
      recycled materials, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and low-density polyethylene 
      (LDPE). Degradation products are almost the primary source of NIAS in plastic 
      FCMs, most from antioxidants as Irganox 1010 and Irgafos 168, following by 
      oligomers and side reaction products. The NIAS assessment in plastics FCMs is 
      usually made by migration tests under worst-case conditions using food simulants. 
      For predicted NIAS, targeted analytical methods are applied using GC-MS based 
      methods for volatile NIAS and GC-MS and LC-MS based methods for semi- and 
      non-volatile NIAS; non-targeted methods to analyze unknown NIAS in plastic FCMs 
      are applied using GC and LC techniques combined with QTOF mass spectrometry 
      (HRMS). In terms of NIAS risk assessment and prioritization, the threshold of 
      toxicological concern (TTC) concept is the most applied tool for risk assessment. 
      Bioassays with sensitive analytical techniques seem to be an efficient method to 
      identify NIAS and their hazard to human exposure; the combination of genotoxicity 
      testing with analytical chemistry could allow the Cramer class III TTC 
      application to prioritize unknown NIAS. The scientific justification for 
      implementing a molecular weight-based cut-off (<1000 Da) in the risk assessment 
      of FCMs should be reevaluated. Although official guides and opinions are being 
      issued on the subject, the whole chain's alignment is needed, and more specific 
      legislation on the steps to follow to get along with NIAS.
FAU - Kato, Lilian Seiko
AU  - Kato LS
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9408-8127
AD  - Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory 
      (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitaria, Rio 
      de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil.
AD  - Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, (LAABBM), 
      Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade 
      Universitaria, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil.
FAU - Conte-Junior, Carlos A
AU  - Conte-Junior CA
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6133-5080
AD  - Center for Food Analysis (NAL), Technological Development Support Laboratory 
      (LADETEC), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitaria, Rio 
      de Janeiro 21941-598, Brazil.
AD  - Laboratory of Advanced Analysis in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, (LAABBM), 
      Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade 
      Universitaria, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil.
AD  - Graduate Program in Food Science (PPGCAL), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal 
      University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitaria, Rio de Janeiro 
      21941-909, Brazil.
AD  - Graduate Program in Veterinary Hygiene (PPGHV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 
      Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Vital Brazil Filho, Niteroi 24220-000, 
      Brazil.
AD  - Graduate Program in Sanitary Surveillance (PPGVS), National Institute of Health 
      Quality Control (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 
      21040-900, Brazil.
AD  - Graduate Program in Chemistry (PGQu), Institute of Chemistry (IQ), Federal 
      University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Cidade Universitaria, Rio de Janeiro 
      21941-909, Brazil.
LA  - eng
GR  - E-26/202.340/2019/Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do 
      Rio de Janeiro/
GR  - E-26/203.049/2017/Fundacao Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do 
      Rio de Janeiro/
GR  - 311422/2016-0/Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico/
GR  - Finance Code001/Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior/
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210624
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Polymers (Basel)
JT  - Polymers
JID - 101545357
PMC - PMC8271870
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - additives in polymers
OT  - food contact articles (FCAs)
OT  - food contact materials (FCMs)
OT  - food packaging additives
OT  - food safety
OT  - migration study
COIS- The authors reported no potential conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/07/03 06:00
MHDA- 2021/07/03 06:01
PMCR- 2021/06/24
CRDT- 2021/07/02 01:14
PHST- 2021/05/06 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/05/23 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/05/24 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/07/02 01:14 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/07/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/07/03 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/06/24 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - polym13132077 [pii]
AID - polymers-13-02077 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/polym13132077 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Polymers (Basel). 2021 Jun 24;13(13):2077. doi: 10.3390/polym13132077.