PMID- 34209599
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210727
LR  - 20211204
IS  - 2072-6643 (Electronic)
IS  - 2072-6643 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 7
DP  - 2021 Jun 29
TI  - Amino Acid-Induced Impairment of Insulin Signaling and Involvement of G-Protein 
      Coupling Receptor.
LID - 10.3390/nu13072229 [doi]
LID - 2229
AB  - Amino acids are needed for general bodily function and well-being. Despite their 
      importance, augmentation in their serum concentration is closely related to 
      metabolic disorder, insulin resistance (IR), or worse, diabetes mellitus. 
      Essential amino acids such as the branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) have been 
      heavily studied as a plausible biomarker or even a cause of IR. Although there is 
      a long list of benefits, in subjects with abnormal amino acids profiles, some 
      amino acids are correlated with a higher risk of IR. Metabolic dysfunction, 
      upregulation of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, the gut 
      microbiome, 3-hydroxyisobutyrate, inflammation, and the collusion of G-protein 
      coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the indicators and causes of metabolic 
      disorders generating from amino acids that contribute to IR and the onset of type 
      2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This review summarizes the current understanding of 
      the true involvement of amino acids with IR. Additionally, the involvement of 
      GPCRs in IR will be further discussed in this review.
FAU - Zakaria, Nur Fatini
AU  - Zakaria NF
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-0755-6058
AD  - Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, 
      Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
FAU - Hamid, Muhajir
AU  - Hamid M
AD  - Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, 
      Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
FAU - Khayat, Mohd Ezuan
AU  - Khayat ME
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-4876-6385
AD  - Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, 
      Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
LA  - eng
GR  - 5540181/Fundamental Research Grant Scheme Malaysia/
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210629
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Nutrients
JT  - Nutrients
JID - 101521595
RN  - 0 (Amino Acids)
RN  - 0 (Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled)
RN  - EC 2.7.1.1 (MTOR protein, human)
RN  - EC 2.7.11.1 (TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases)
SB  - IM
MH  - Amino Acids/*metabolism
MH  - Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
MH  - Gastrointestinal Microbiome
MH  - Humans
MH  - Insulin Resistance/*physiology
MH  - Metabolic Diseases/blood
MH  - Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/*metabolism
MH  - Signal Transduction/*physiology
MH  - TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism
MH  - Up-Regulation
PMC - PMC8308393
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - G-protein coupled receptor (GPCRs)
OT  - branched-chain amino acid (BCAAs)
OT  - gut microbiome
OT  - inflammation
OT  - insulin resistance (IR)
OT  - mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)
OT  - metabolic dysfunction
OT  - type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/07/03 06:00
MHDA- 2021/07/28 06:00
PMCR- 2021/06/29
CRDT- 2021/07/02 01:39
PHST- 2021/05/20 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/06/18 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/06/24 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/07/02 01:39 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/07/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/07/28 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/06/29 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - nu13072229 [pii]
AID - nutrients-13-02229 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/nu13072229 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Nutrients. 2021 Jun 29;13(7):2229. doi: 10.3390/nu13072229.