PMID- 34212337
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20211116
LR  - 20211116
IS  - 1614-7499 (Electronic)
IS  - 0944-1344 (Linking)
VI  - 28
IP  - 44
DP  - 2021 Nov
TI  - The preliminary survey on the concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) 
      in salt samples collected from Tehran, Iran: a probabilistic health risk 
      assessment.
PG  - 62651-62661
LID - 10.1007/s11356-021-14720-w [doi]
AB  - The present study aimed to assess the potentially toxic elements (PTEs), 
      including copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg) in 
      refined, rock, and sea salt samples collected (n=60) from Tehran's local market 
      by the aid of an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Besides, 
      the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for children and adults were 
      estimated with the aid of the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method. The rank order 
      of PTEs in refined salt was Pb (13.378 mug/g) > Cu (6.448 mug/g) > Zn (0.363 mug/g) 
      > As (0.184 mug/g) > Hg (0.049 mug/g); in sea salt was Pb (22.972 mug/g) > Cu (3.963 
      mug/g) > Zn (0.986 mug/g) > As (0.387 mug/g) > Hg (0.224 mug/g); and in rock salt was 
      Cu (31.622 mug/g) > Pb (22.527 mug/g) > Zn (0.638 mug/g) > As (0.235 mug/g) > Hg 
      (0.095 mug/g). It was concluded that the average concentration of some of the 
      investigated PTEs was higher than the national standard limits and Codex's 
      guidelines. A significant non-carcinogenic risk (TTHQ > 1), except for adult 
      consumers, was noted based on the health risk assessment who consume refined 
      salt. All consumers were also at the threshold carcinogenic risk of As (between 
      10(-4) and 10(-6)). Given the considerable health risks due to consumption 
      (refined, rock, and sea salt), approaching effective monitoring plans to control 
      the PTEs concentrations in salt distributed in Tehran are recommended.
CI  - (c) 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, 
      part of Springer Nature.
FAU - Abdi, Leili
AU  - Abdi L
AD  - Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, 
      School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
FAU - Jahed-Khaniki, Gholam Reza
AU  - Jahed-Khaniki GR
AD  - Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, 
      School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 
      ghjahed@tums.ac.ir.
FAU - Molaee-Aghaee, Ebrahim
AU  - Molaee-Aghaee E
AD  - Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, 
      School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
FAU - Shariatifar, Nabi
AU  - Shariatifar N
AD  - Food Safety and Hygiene Division, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, 
      School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
FAU - Nazmara, Shahrokh
AU  - Nazmara S
AD  - Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran 
      University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
FAU - Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin
AU  - Mousavi Khaneghah A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-5769-0004
AD  - Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University 
      of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. mousavi@unicamp.br.
LA  - eng
GR  - . 98-02-27-43063/Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services/
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210702
PL  - Germany
TA  - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
JT  - Environmental science and pollution research international
JID - 9441769
RN  - 0 (Metals, Heavy)
RN  - FXS1BY2PGL (Mercury)
RN  - J41CSQ7QDS (Zinc)
RN  - N712M78A8G (Arsenic)
SB  - IM
MH  - Adult
MH  - *Arsenic/analysis
MH  - Child
MH  - Environmental Monitoring
MH  - Humans
MH  - Iran
MH  - *Mercury/analysis
MH  - *Metals, Heavy/analysis
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - Zinc
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Food safety
OT  - ICP-MS
OT  - Potentially toxic element (PTEs)
OT  - Risk assessment
OT  - Salt
EDAT- 2021/07/03 06:00
MHDA- 2021/11/17 06:00
CRDT- 2021/07/02 06:52
PHST- 2021/01/18 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/05/31 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/07/03 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/11/17 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/07/02 06:52 [entrez]
AID - 10.1007/s11356-021-14720-w [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s11356-021-14720-w [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Nov;28(44):62651-62661. doi: 
      10.1007/s11356-021-14720-w. Epub 2021 Jul 2.