PMID- 34216342
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20211116
LR  - 20211116
IS  - 1614-7499 (Electronic)
IS  - 0944-1344 (Linking)
VI  - 28
IP  - 44
DP  - 2021 Nov
TI  - Biochemical investigation of human exposure to aflatoxin M1 and its association 
      with risk factors of diabetes mellitus.
PG  - 62907-62918
LID - 10.1007/s11356-021-14871-w [doi]
AB  - Recently, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) has emerged as a major health concern owing to its 
      exposure to human being via consumption of milk, dairy products, and food 
      commodities, and this has a strong association with risk factors that may lead to 
      the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and various other associated 
      metabolic disorders. This study was conducted to investigate the exposure to AFM1 
      and its association with sociodemographic features and risk factors of T2DM. 
      Urine and blood samples from 672 participants were collected to investigate the 
      concentration of AFM1 in urine and glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), 
      insulin, alpha-amylase, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV), free fatty acids (FFAs), 
      triglycerides (TGs), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-chol), 
      interleukine-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), malondialdehyde (MDA), 
      glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), creatinine, uric acid, blood urea 
      nitrogen (BUN), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) 
      from the blood of study participants. Association of exposure to AFM1 with 
      sociodemographic features and risk factors of T2DM was determined using person 
      correlation coefficient (r), coefficient of determination (R(2)), and 95% 
      confidence interval, and the level of significance (P<0.05) was measured by 
      Student's unpaired t-test. Among the participants in which AFM1 was detected, 
      62.91% of participants were found to be diabetic and 37.09% of participants were 
      found to be non-diabetic. Further to this, it was also found that concentration 
      of AFM1 in the urine of diabetic participants was found to be higher (P<0.05) as 
      compared to that in non-diabetic participants. Association of AFM1 exposure with 
      risk factors of T2MD exhibits that exposure to AFM1 was responsible for the 
      induction of inflammatory responses and oxidative stress that may lead to the 
      onset of impaired insulin secretion and metabolism of carbohydrates and 
      ultimately the onset of T2DM and associated metabolic disorders. Hence, it can be 
      summarized that exposure to AFM1 is one of the causative factors that may lead to 
      potentiate the several risk factors notably inflammatory responses and oxidative 
      stress that ultimately induce the pathogenesis of T2DM and associated metabolic 
      disorders. The key findings of this study suggest that human population who are 
      at greater risk of AFM1 exposure can develop T2DM and other associated metabolic 
      risk factors.
CI  - (c) 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, 
      part of Springer Nature.
FAU - Akash, Muhammad Sajid Hamid
AU  - Akash MSH
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-9446-5233
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, 
      Faisalabad, Pakistan. sajidakash@gmail.com.
FAU - Haq, Muhammad Ejaz Ul
AU  - Haq MEU
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, 
      Faisalabad, Pakistan.
FAU - Qader, Abdul
AU  - Qader A
AD  - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University, 
      Faisalabad, Pakistan.
FAU - Rehman, Kanwal
AU  - Rehman K
AD  - Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. 
      kanwalakash@gmail.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210703
PL  - Germany
TA  - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int
JT  - Environmental science and pollution research international
JID - 9441769
RN  - 6795-23-9 (Aflatoxin M1)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Aflatoxin M1/analysis
MH  - Animals
MH  - *Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
MH  - Food Contamination/analysis
MH  - Humans
MH  - Milk/chemistry
MH  - Risk Factors
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Aflatoxin M1
OT  - Impaired Carbohydrate metabolism
OT  - Impaired insulin secretion
OT  - Metabolic disorder
EDAT- 2021/07/04 06:00
MHDA- 2021/11/17 06:00
CRDT- 2021/07/03 12:11
PHST- 2021/04/12 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/06/09 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/07/04 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/11/17 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/07/03 12:11 [entrez]
AID - 10.1007/s11356-021-14871-w [pii]
AID - 10.1007/s11356-021-14871-w [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Nov;28(44):62907-62918. doi: 
      10.1007/s11356-021-14871-w. Epub 2021 Jul 3.