PMID- 34224800
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220107
LR  - 20220107
IS  - 1096-0295 (Electronic)
IS  - 0273-2300 (Linking)
VI  - 125
DP  - 2021 Oct
TI  - Determination of inorganic arsenic, heavy metals, pesticides and mycotoxins in 
      Indian rice (Oryza sativa) and a probabilistic dietary risk assessment for the 
      population of Saudi Arabia.
PG  - 104986
LID - S0273-2300(21)00127-6 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104986 [doi]
AB  - In this study, total arsenic (As), inorganic arsenic (iAs), cadmium (Cd), lead 
      (Pb), mercury (Hg), pesticides, and aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) in Indian rice 
      (Oryza sativa) and their dietary exposure risks for the general Saudi population 
      were evaluated. A total of 483 samples were acquired from various ports and 
      supermarkets throughout the country. Average elemental concentrations were found 
      to be in the following order: As (0.1 +/- 0.024)>iAs (0.038 +/- 0.015)>Pb 
      (0.023 +/- 0.008)>Cd (0.019 +/- 0.005)>Hg (0.002 +/- 0.0004), and results did not 
      exceed maximum residue limits (MRLs). Out of the 294 analyzed pesticides, 15 were 
      detected in rice, of which six were fungicides, and nine were insecticides with a 
      detection frequency of 22% and 26%, respectively. Eight of the detected 
      pesticides were non-approved by the European Union (EU) commission, but their 
      detection frequencies were low. Surprisingly, rice samples analyzed for 
      aflatoxins were below the limit of quantification (LOQ). Risk assessment coupled 
      with Monte Carlo simulation based on the hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental 
      lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) approaches revealed that exposure to metal(loid)s and 
      pesticides in rice were below levels that might pose a health risk.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FAU - Almutairi, Mohammed
AU  - Almutairi M
AD  - Reference Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Saudi Food & Drug Authority (SFDA), 
      Riyadh, 11561, Saudi Arabia.
FAU - Alsaleem, Turki
AU  - Alsaleem T
AD  - Reference Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Saudi Food & Drug Authority (SFDA), 
      Riyadh, 11561, Saudi Arabia.
FAU - Jeperel, Hatem
AU  - Jeperel H
AD  - Reference Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Saudi Food & Drug Authority (SFDA), 
      Riyadh, 11561, Saudi Arabia.
FAU - Alsamti, Mostafa
AU  - Alsamti M
AD  - Reference Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Saudi Food & Drug Authority (SFDA), 
      Riyadh, 11561, Saudi Arabia.
FAU - Alowaifeer, Abdullah M
AU  - Alowaifeer AM
AD  - Reference Laboratory for Food Chemistry, Saudi Food & Drug Authority (SFDA), 
      Riyadh, 11561, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: vet.abdullah@gmail.com.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210702
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Regul Toxicol Pharmacol
JT  - Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP
JID - 8214983
RN  - 0 (Metals, Heavy)
RN  - 0 (Mycotoxins)
RN  - 0 (Pesticides)
RN  - N712M78A8G (Arsenic)
SB  - IM
MH  - Arsenic/*analysis
MH  - Humans
MH  - Metals, Heavy/*analysis
MH  - Mycotoxins/*analysis
MH  - Oryza/*chemistry
MH  - Pesticides/*analysis
MH  - Risk Assessment
MH  - Saudi Arabia
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Heavy metal
OT  - Inorganic arsenic
OT  - Mycotoxin
OT  - Pesticide
OT  - Rice
OT  - Risk assessment
EDAT- 2021/07/06 06:00
MHDA- 2022/01/08 06:00
CRDT- 2021/07/05 20:13
PHST- 2021/02/10 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/04/22 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/06/28 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/07/06 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/01/08 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/07/05 20:13 [entrez]
AID - S0273-2300(21)00127-6 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104986 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 2021 Oct;125:104986. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104986. 
      Epub 2021 Jul 2.