PMID- 34237026
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210712
LR  - 20220424
IS  - 1470-3556 (Print)
IS  - 1470-3556 (Linking)
VI  - 35
IP  - 3
DP  - 2021 Summer
TI  - Development, Validation, and Feasibility Testing of a Yoga Module for Opioid Use 
      Disorder.
PG  - 20-30
AB  - CONTEXT: Opioid use disorder (OUD) involves excessive use of opioids-such as 
      heroin, morphine, fentanyl, codeine, oxycodone, and hydrocodone-leading to major 
      health, social, and economic consequences. Yoga lifestyle interventions have been 
      found to be useful as adjunct therapies in management of substance use disorders 
      and chronic pain conditions. OBJECTIVE: The research team intended to develop, 
      validate, and test for feasibility a yoga program for OUD patients that could 
      reduce opiate withdrawal symptoms-such as pain, fatigue, low mood, anxiety and 
      sleep disturbances-and cravings associated with drugs. DESIGN: The research team 
      first performed a literature review of traditional and contemporary yoga texts, 
      such as Hatha Yoga Pradipika and Light on Yoga, as well as modern scientific 
      literature in the following search engines-Google Scholar, PubMed, and PsychInfo, 
      using the keywords yoga, pranayama, hatha yoga, relaxation. meditation, substance 
      use, addiction, impulsivity, craving, sleep quality, and fatigue. Using the 
      information obtained, the team developed a yoga program and designed a pilot 
      study that used the program. SETTING: The study took place in the Department of 
      Integrative Medicine at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences 
      (NIMHANS) in Bangalore, India. PARTICIPANTS: Participants in the pilot study were 
      8 inpatients, 6 males and 2 females, who were on opioid agonist treatment 
      (buprenorphine) for OUD. INTERVENTION: The intervention was the yoga program 
      previously validated by the research team. In the pilot study, participants were 
      taught a one-hour, yoga-based intervention, with sessions occurring once per day, 
      for 10 sessions. OUTCOME MEASURES: For validation, 13 experts scored the yoga 
      program that the research team had developed and gave suggestions for each yogic 
      practice for use during the acute phase of withdrawal and the maintenance phase 
      respectively. A content validity ratio (CVR) was calculated from their scoring, 
      and the research team made changes to the program base on the scoring and 
      suggestions. For the pilot study, assessments occurred at baseline and 
      postintervention. The participants' yoga performance was rated by the yoga 
      trainer on a yoga performance assessment scale (YPA). Other measurements 
      included: (1) the Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS), (2) the Hamilton's 
      anxiety rating scale (HAM-A), (3) the Hamilton's depression rating scale (HAM-D), 
      (4) buprenorphine dosage, (5) the Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S) 
      scale, (6) a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, (7) sleep quality (latency and 
      duration), and (8) the module's safety. RESULTS: Four practices were removed from 
      the program due to CVR scores below the cutoff, and one practice was found not to 
      be feasible (Kapalabhati). Two categories of yoga modules emerged: (1) for the 
      acute symptomatic phase (40 minutes) and (2) for the maintenance phase (one 
      hour). Practices were added or excluded based on the phase. CONCLUSIONS: The yoga 
      module that was developed for reducing withdrawal symptoms and cravings in OUD 
      patients was found to be safe, feasible, and potentially useful as an adjunct 
      therapy to conventional treatment.
FAU - Bhargav, Hemant
AU  - Bhargav H
FAU - Vidyasagar, Pilli Devi
AU  - Vidyasagar PD
FAU - Venugopal, Sumana
AU  - Venugopal S
FAU - Arsappa, Rashmi
AU  - Arsappa R
FAU - Narasimha, Venkata Lakshmi
AU  - Narasimha VL
FAU - Varshney, Prateek
AU  - Varshney P
FAU - Sharma, Priyamvada
AU  - Sharma P
FAU - A, Vedamurthachar
AU  - A V
FAU - Venkatasubramanian, Ganesan
AU  - Venkatasubramanian G
FAU - Varambally, Shivarama
AU  - Varambally S
FAU - Gangadhar, Bangalore N
AU  - Gangadhar BN
FAU - Murthy, Pratima
AU  - Murthy P
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PL  - United States
TA  - Adv Mind Body Med
JT  - Advances in mind-body medicine
JID - 9813115
SB  - IM
MH  - Feasibility Studies
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - India
MH  - Male
MH  - *Meditation
MH  - *Opioid-Related Disorders/therapy
MH  - Pilot Projects
MH  - *Yoga
EDAT- 2021/07/09 06:00
MHDA- 2021/07/13 06:00
CRDT- 2021/07/08 17:25
PHST- 2021/07/08 17:25 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/07/09 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/07/13 06:00 [medline]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Adv Mind Body Med. 2021 Summer;35(3):20-30.