PMID- 34248913 OWN - NLM STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE LR - 20220401 IS - 1664-302X (Print) IS - 1664-302X (Electronic) IS - 1664-302X (Linking) VI - 12 DP - 2021 TI - Coxsackievirus A16 in Southern Vietnam. PG - 689658 LID - 10.3389/fmicb.2021.689658 [doi] LID - 689658 AB - Background: Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a major public health concern in the Asia-Pacific region. Most recent HFMD outbreaks have been caused by enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16), CVA10, and CVA6. There has been no report regarding the epidemiology and genetic diversity of CVA16 in Vietnam. Such knowledge is critical to inform the development of intervention strategies. Materials and Methods: From 2011 to 2017, clinical samples were collected from in- and outpatients enrolled in a HFMD research program conducted at three referral hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. Throat or rectal swabs positive for CVA16 with sufficient viral load were selected for whole genome sequencing and evolutionary analysis. Results: Throughout the study period, 320 CVA16 positive samples were collected from 2808 HFMD patients (11.4%). 59.4% of patients were male. The median age was 20.8 months (IQR, 14.96-31.41). Patients resided in HCMC (55.3%), Mekong Delta (22.2%), and South East Vietnam (22.5%). 10% of CVA16 infected patients had moderately severe or severe HFMD. CVA16 positive samples from 153 patients were selected for whole genome sequencing, and 66 complete genomes were obtained. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that Vietnamese CVA16 strains belong to a single genogroup B1a that clusters together with isolates from China, Japan, Thailand, Malaysia, France and Australia. The CVA16 strains of the present study were circulating in Vietnam some 4 years prior to its detection in HFMD cases. Conclusion: We report for the first time on the molecular epidemiology of CVA16 in Vietnam. Unlike EV-A71, which showed frequent replacement between subgenogroups B5 and C4 every 2-3 years in Vietnam, CVA16 displays a less pronounced genetic alternation with only subgenogroup B1a circulating in Vietnam since 2011. Our collective findings emphasize the importance of active surveillance for viral circulation in HFMD endemic countries, critical to informing outbreak response and vaccine development. CI - Copyright (c) 2021 Nhu, Nhan, Anh, Hong, Van, Thanh, Hang, Han, Ny, Nguyet, Quy, Qui, Khanh, Hung, Tuan, Chau, Thwaites, Doorn and Tan. FAU - Nhu, Le Nguyen Truc AU - Nhu LNT AD - Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. FAU - Nhan, Le Nguyen Thanh AU - Nhan LNT AD - Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. FAU - Anh, Nguyen To AU - Anh NT AD - Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. FAU - Hong, Nguyen Thi Thu AU - Hong NTT AD - Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. FAU - Van, Hoang Minh Tu AU - Van HMT AD - Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. AD - Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. FAU - Thanh, Tran Tan AU - Thanh TT AD - Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. FAU - Hang, Vu Thi Ty AU - Hang VTT AD - Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. FAU - Han, Do Duong Kim AU - Han DDK AD - Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. FAU - Ny, Nguyen Thi Han AU - Ny NTH AD - Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. FAU - Nguyet, Lam Anh AU - Nguyet LA AD - Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. FAU - Quy, Du Tuan AU - Quy DT AD - Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. FAU - Qui, Phan Tu AU - Qui PT AD - Hospital for Tropical Disease, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. FAU - Khanh, Truong Huu AU - Khanh TH AD - Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. FAU - Hung, Nguyen Thanh AU - Hung NT AD - Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. FAU - Tuan, Ha Manh AU - Tuan HM AD - Children's Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. FAU - Chau, Nguyen Van Vinh AU - Chau NVV AD - Hospital for Tropical Disease, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. FAU - Thwaites, Guy AU - Thwaites G AD - Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. AD - Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. FAU - van Doorn, H Rogier AU - van Doorn HR AD - Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. AD - Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. FAU - Tan, Le Van AU - Tan LV AD - Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. LA - eng GR - WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom PT - Journal Article DEP - 20210624 PL - Switzerland TA - Front Microbiol JT - Frontiers in microbiology JID - 101548977 PMC - PMC8265502 OTO - NOTNLM OT - Vietnam OT - coxsackievirus A16 OT - evolution OT - hand foot mouth disease OT - picornavirus COIS- The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. EDAT- 2021/07/13 06:00 MHDA- 2021/07/13 06:01 PMCR- 2021/06/24 CRDT- 2021/07/12 05:47 PHST- 2021/04/01 00:00 [received] PHST- 2021/05/11 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2021/07/12 05:47 [entrez] PHST- 2021/07/13 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2021/07/13 06:01 [medline] PHST- 2021/06/24 00:00 [pmc-release] AID - 10.3389/fmicb.2021.689658 [doi] PST - epublish SO - Front Microbiol. 2021 Jun 24;12:689658. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.689658. eCollection 2021.