PMID- 34274864 OWN - NLM STAT- MEDLINE DCOM- 20211104 LR - 20211104 IS - 1873-1716 (Electronic) IS - 0167-5877 (Linking) VI - 194 DP - 2021 Sep TI - Optimizing surveillance for early disease detection: Expert guidance for Ostreid herpesvirus surveillance design and system sensitivity calculation. PG - 105419 LID - S0167-5877(21)00163-X [pii] LID - 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105419 [doi] AB - To keep pace with rising opportunities for disease emergence and spread, surveillance in aquaculture must enable the early detection of both known and new pathogens. Conventional surveillance systems (designed to provide proof of disease freedom) may not support detection outside of periodic sampling windows, leaving substantial blind spots to pathogens that emerge in other times and places. To address this problem, we organized an expert panel to envision optimal systems for early disease detection, focusing on Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1), a pathogen of panzootic consequence to oyster industries. The panel followed an integrative group process to identify and weight surveillance system traits perceived as critical to the early detection of OsHV-1. Results offer a road map with fourteen factors to consider when building surveillance systems geared to early detection; factor weights can be used by planners and analysts to compare the relative value of different designs or enhancements. The results were also used to build a simple, but replicable, model estimating the system sensitivity (SSe) of observational surveillance and, in turn, the confidence in disease freedom that negative reporting can provide. Findings suggest that optimally designed observational systems can contribute substantially to both early detection and disease freedom confidence. In contrast, active surveillance as a singular system is likely insufficient for early detection. The strongest systems combined active with observational surveillance and engaged joint industry and government involvement: results suggest that effective partnerships can generate highly sensitive systems, whereas ineffective partnerships may seriously erode early detection capability. Given the costs of routine testing, and the value (via averted losses) of early detection, we conclude that observational surveillance is an important and potentially very effective tool for health management and disease prevention on oyster farms, but one that demands careful planning and participation. This evaluation centered on OsHV-1 detection in farmed oyster populations. However, many of the features likely generalize to other pathogens and settings, with the important caveat that the pathogens need to manifest via morbidity or mortality events in the species, life stages and environments under observation. CI - Published by Elsevier B.V. FAU - Gustafson, Lori L AU - Gustafson LL AD - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2150 Centre Ave, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA. Electronic address: lori.l.gustafson@aphis.usda.gov. FAU - Arzul, Isabelle AU - Arzul I AD - Laboratoire de Genetique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Avenue de Mus de Loup, La Tremblade, 17390, France. FAU - Burge, Colleen A AU - Burge CA AD - Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 E Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA. FAU - Carnegie, Ryan B AU - Carnegie RB AD - Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA. FAU - Caceres-Martinez, Jorge AU - Caceres-Martinez J AD - Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California, 22860, Mexico. FAU - Creekmore, Lynn AU - Creekmore L AD - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2150 Centre Ave, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA. FAU - Dewey, William AU - Dewey W AD - Taylor Shellfish Farms, 130 SE Lynch Rd., Shelton, WA, 98584, USA. FAU - Elston, Ralph AU - Elston R AD - AquaTechnics Inc. PO Box 687, Carlsborg, WA, 98324, USA. FAU - Friedman, Carolyn S AU - Friedman CS AD - School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA. FAU - Hick, Paul AU - Hick P AD - Sydney School of Veterinary Science, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia. FAU - Hudson, Karen AU - Hudson K AD - Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA. FAU - Lupo, Coralie AU - Lupo C AD - Laboratoire de Genetique et Pathologie des Mollusques Marins, Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Avenue de Mus de Loup, La Tremblade, 17390, France. FAU - Rheault, Robert AU - Rheault R AD - East Coast Shellfish Growers Association, 1121 Mooresfield Rd., Wakefield, RI, 02879, USA. FAU - Spiegel, Kevin AU - Spiegel K AD - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2150 Centre Ave, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA. FAU - Vasquez-Yeomans, Rebeca AU - Vasquez-Yeomans R AD - Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana No. 3918, Zona Playitas, Ensenada, Baja California, 22860, Mexico. LA - eng PT - Journal Article DEP - 20210630 PL - Netherlands TA - Prev Vet Med JT - Preventive veterinary medicine JID - 8217463 SB - IM MH - Animals MH - Aquaculture MH - *Crassostrea/virology MH - *Herpesviridae MH - Herpesviridae Infections/diagnosis/*veterinary OTO - NOTNLM OT - Early detection OT - Expert elicitation OT - Observational surveillance OT - Ostreid herpesvirus OT - Passive surveillance OT - System sensitivity EDAT- 2021/07/19 06:00 MHDA- 2021/11/05 06:00 CRDT- 2021/07/18 20:52 PHST- 2021/02/05 00:00 [received] PHST- 2021/06/22 00:00 [revised] PHST- 2021/06/26 00:00 [accepted] PHST- 2021/07/19 06:00 [pubmed] PHST- 2021/11/05 06:00 [medline] PHST- 2021/07/18 20:52 [entrez] AID - S0167-5877(21)00163-X [pii] AID - 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105419 [doi] PST - ppublish SO - Prev Vet Med. 2021 Sep;194:105419. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105419. Epub 2021 Jun 30.