PMID- 34294612
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20210901
IS  - 1738-1088 (Print)
IS  - 2093-4327 (Electronic)
IS  - 1738-1088 (Linking)
VI  - 19
IP  - 3
DP  - 2021 Aug 31
TI  - Novel Biomarkers of Alzheimer's Disease: Based Upon N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor 
      Hypoactivation and Oxidative Stress.
PG  - 423-433
LID - 10.9758/cpn.2021.19.3.423 [doi]
AB  - Early detection and prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is important. The 
      current treatment for early AD is acetylcholine esterase inhibitors (AChEIs); 
      however, the efficacy is poor. Besides, AChEI did not show efficacy in mild 
      cognitive impairment (MCI). Beta-amyloid (A) deposits have been regarded to be 
      highly related to the pathogenesis of AD. However, many clinical trials aiming at 
      the clearance of A deposits failed to improve the cognitive decline of AD, even 
      at its early phase. There should be other important mechanisms unproven in the 
      course of AD and MCI. Feasible biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment 
      response of AD are lacking to date. The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) 
      activation plays an important role in learning and memory. On the other hand, 
      oxidative stress has been regarded to contribute to aging with the assumption 
      that free radicals damage cell constituents and connective tissues. Our recent 
      study found that an NMDAR enhancer, sodium benzoate (the pivotal inhibitor of 
      D-amino acid oxidase [DAAO]), improved the cognitive and global function of 
      patients with early-phase AD. Further, we found that peripheral DAAO levels were 
      higher in patients with MCI and AD than healthy controls. We also found that 
      sodium benzoate was able to change the activity of antioxidant. These pieces of 
      evidence suggest that the NMDAR function is associated with anti-oxidation, and 
      have potential to be biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment response of AD.
FAU - Chiang, Ting-I
AU  - Chiang TI
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-7548-0967
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung 
      University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
FAU - Yu, Yi-Hsiang
AU  - Yu YH
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-9478-2733
AD  - Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung 
      University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
FAU - Lin, Chieh-Hsin
AU  - Lin CH
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6949-8968
AD  - Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung 
      University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
AD  - School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
AD  - Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 
      Taiwan.
FAU - Lane, Hsien-Yuan
AU  - Lane HY
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2162-8174
AD  - Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, 
      Taiwan.
AD  - Department of Psychiatry and Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical 
      University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
AD  - Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, 
      Taichung, Taiwan.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
PL  - Korea (South)
TA  - Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci
JT  - Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience : the official scientific journal of 
      the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology
JID - 101207332
PMC - PMC8316669
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Alzheimer disease
OT  - N-methyl-D-aspartate
OT  - Oxidative stress
OT  - Receptors
COIS- Conflicts of Interest No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article 
      was reported.
EDAT- 2021/07/24 06:00
MHDA- 2021/07/24 06:01
PMCR- 2021/08/31
CRDT- 2021/07/23 05:50
PHST- 2020/10/15 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2020/12/07 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2020/12/14 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/07/23 05:50 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/07/24 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/07/24 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/08/31 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - cpn.2021.19.3.423 [pii]
AID - cpn-19-3-423 [pii]
AID - 10.9758/cpn.2021.19.3.423 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2021 Aug 31;19(3):423-433. doi: 
      10.9758/cpn.2021.19.3.423.