PMID- 34346379
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210928
LR  - 20221207
IS  - 1879-1026 (Electronic)
IS  - 0048-9697 (Linking)
VI  - 797
DP  - 2021 Nov 25
TI  - Monitoring geographical differences in illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco 
      consumption via wastewater-based epidemiology: Six major cities in Turkey.
PG  - 149156
LID - S0048-9697(21)04229-7 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149156 [doi]
AB  - A national wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) monitoring campaign has been 
      initiated to determine the trends in drug consumption in Turkey since 2019. This 
      study aimed to present the wastewater monitoring results for four periods in 2019 
      for six major cities with 17 wastewater treatment plants. The study investigated 
      heroin (HER), amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (METH), cocaine (COC), 
      3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cannabis, alcohol, and tobacco to 
      understand the temporal and geographical drug consumption trends. The results 
      indicated a trend of regular cannabis use in all the cities. Considering 
      geographical variations, the drug usage trends were not homogeneous within the 
      country for any of the investigated drugs, except cannabis. HER consumption was 
      predominant in Denizli (1042.48 mg/1000 inh/day), while Izmir and Antalya (154.10 
      and 79.56 mg/1000 inh/day, respectively) topped for COC consumption. Aydin had 
      the highest consumption levels of AMP (90.03 mg/1000 inh/day) and METH (358.13 
      mg/1000 inh/day), while MDMA consumption was the highest in Samsun (157.64 
      mg/1000 inh/day). Tobacco consumption was high in Aydin (8791.69 mg/1000 inh/day) 
      and Antalya (5375.17 mg/1000 inh/day), whereas alcohol consumption was higher in 
      Bursa than in the other cities (53434.61 mL/1000 inh/day). There were no 
      statistically significant differences in the weekend consumption levels of the 
      investigated drugs among these six cities. Although this study included the 
      results of 1 year of consumption monitoring, the data confirms internationally 
      published information on the drug trafficking routes of conventional drugs in 
      this region, especially the Heroin-Balkan route. Results from further sampling 
      will enable accurate evaluation of global drug consumption and trafficking, in 
      addition to alcohol and tobacco use.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
FAU - Kuloglu Genc, Merve
AU  - Kuloglu Genc M
AD  - Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal 
      Medicine, Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey.
FAU - Mercan, Selda
AU  - Mercan S
AD  - Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal 
      Medicine, Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic 
      address: mercans@iuc.edu.tr.
FAU - Yayla, Murat
AU  - Yayla M
AD  - Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal 
      Medicine, Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey.
FAU - Tekin Bulbul, Tugba
AU  - Tekin Bulbul T
AD  - Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal 
      Medicine, Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey.
FAU - Adioren, Cagdas
AU  - Adioren C
AD  - Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal 
      Medicine, Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey.
FAU - Simsek, Sumeyye Zulal
AU  - Simsek SZ
AD  - Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal 
      Medicine, Department of Science, Buyukcekmece, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey.
FAU - Asicioglu, Faruk
AU  - Asicioglu F
AD  - Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Institute of Forensic Sciences and Legal 
      Medicine, Department of Medicine, Buyukcekmece, 34500 Istanbul, Turkey.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
DEP - 20210720
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Sci Total Environ
JT  - The Science of the total environment
JID - 0330500
RN  - 0 (Illicit Drugs)
RN  - 0 (Waste Water)
RN  - 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
SB  - IM
MH  - Cities
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Illicit Drugs
MH  - Substance Abuse Detection
MH  - *Substance-Related Disorders
MH  - Tobacco Use
MH  - Turkey/epidemiology
MH  - Wastewater/analysis
MH  - *Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Drugs of abuse
OT  - Ethyl sulfate
OT  - Forensic science
OT  - Nicotine
OT  - Sewage epidemiology
OT  - Turkey
COIS- Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known 
      competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
      to influence the work reported in this paper.
EDAT- 2021/08/05 06:00
MHDA- 2021/09/29 06:00
CRDT- 2021/08/04 08:47
PHST- 2021/04/22 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/07/13 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/07/16 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/08/05 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/09/29 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/08/04 08:47 [entrez]
AID - S0048-9697(21)04229-7 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149156 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Sci Total Environ. 2021 Nov 25;797:149156. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149156. 
      Epub 2021 Jul 20.