PMID- 34375941
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20211018
LR  - 20220531
IS  - 1873-6750 (Electronic)
IS  - 0160-4120 (Linking)
VI  - 157
DP  - 2021 Dec
TI  - Long-term exposure to black carbon and mortality: A 28-year follow-up of the 
      GAZEL cohort.
PG  - 106805
LID - S0160-4120(21)00430-X [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106805 [doi]
AB  - BACKGROUND: The current evidence on health effects of long-term exposure to 
      outdoor airborne black carbon (BC) exposure remains scarce. OBJECTIVES: To 
      examine the association between long-term exposure to BC and mortality in a large 
      population-based French cohort, with 28 years of follow-up. METHODS: Data from 
      the GAZEL cohort were collected between 1989 and 2017. Land use regression model 
      with temporal extrapolation wa used to estimate yearly BC and PM(2.5) exposure at 
      the residential addresses from 1989 until censoring for 19,906 participants. 
      Time-varying Cox models with attained age as time-scale was used to estimate the 
      associations between BC and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, after 
      adjusting for individual and area-level covariates. To handle confounding by 
      PM(2.5), we used the residual of BC regressed on PM(2.5) as an alternate exposure 
      variable. For all-cause mortality, we also examined effect modification by sex, 
      smoking status, BMI and fruit/vegetable intake. RESULTS: The median of 20-year 
      moving average of BC exposure was 2.02 10(-5)/m in study population. We found 
      significant associations between BC exposure and all-cause mortality (n = 2357) 
      using both 20-year moving average of BC and residual of BC, with corresponding 
      hazard ratios (HR) of 1.14 (95 %CI: 1.07-1.22) and 1.17 (95 %CI: 1.10-1.24) for 
      an inter-quartile range (IQR) increase (0.86 10(-5)/m for BC and 0.57 10(-5)/m 
      for residual of BC). We found a similar association between BC and cardiovascular 
      mortality (n = 277) with a HR of 1.15 (95 %CI: 0.95-1.38). The dose-response 
      relationship between BC and all-cause mortality was monotonic but nonlinear with 
      a steeper slope at high BC levels. In addition, the effect of BC was higher among 
      never-smokers and among those having fruit/vegetables less than twice a week. 
      CONCLUSIONS: There was a positive association between long-term exposure to BC 
      and increased mortality risk, reinforcing the emerging evidence that BC is a 
      harmful component of PM(2.5).
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
FAU - Yang, Jun
AU  - Yang J
AD  - Univ. Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en sante, environnement 
      et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; Institute for Environmental and 
      Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
FAU - Sakhvidi, Mohammad Javad Zare
AU  - Sakhvidi MJZ
AD  - Univ. Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en sante, environnement 
      et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
FAU - de Hoogh, Kees
AU  - de Hoogh K
AD  - Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of 
      Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
FAU - Vienneau, Danielle
AU  - Vienneau D
AD  - Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of 
      Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
FAU - Siemiatyck, Jack
AU  - Siemiatyck J
AD  - CRCHUM (Centre de recherche du CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
FAU - Zins, Marie
AU  - Zins M
AD  - Universite de Paris, Unite "Cohortes en Population" INSERM, Universite Paris 
      Saclay, UVSQ, UMS 011 Paris, France.
FAU - Goldberg, Marcel
AU  - Goldberg M
AD  - Universite de Paris, Unite "Cohortes en Population" INSERM, Universite Paris 
      Saclay, UVSQ, UMS 011 Paris, France.
FAU - Chen, Jie
AU  - Chen J
AD  - Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
FAU - Lequy, Emeline
AU  - Lequy E
AD  - CRCHUM (Centre de recherche du CHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Universite de 
      Paris, Unite "Cohortes en Population" INSERM, Universite Paris Saclay, UVSQ, UMS 
      011 Paris, France.
FAU - Jacquemin, Benedicte
AU  - Jacquemin B
AD  - Univ. Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en sante, environnement 
      et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France. Electronic address: 
      benedicte.jacquemin@inserm.fr.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
DEP - 20210807
PL  - Netherlands
TA  - Environ Int
JT  - Environment international
JID - 7807270
RN  - 0 (Air Pollutants)
RN  - 0 (Particulate Matter)
RN  - 7440-44-0 (Carbon)
SB  - IM
MH  - *Air Pollutants/analysis/toxicity
MH  - *Air Pollution/analysis/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Carbon
MH  - Environmental Exposure/analysis/statistics & numerical data
MH  - Follow-Up Studies
MH  - Humans
MH  - Particulate Matter/analysis/toxicity
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Air pollutant
OT  - Black carbon
OT  - Cohort study
OT  - Long-term exposure
OT  - Mortality
EDAT- 2021/08/11 06:00
MHDA- 2021/10/21 06:00
CRDT- 2021/08/10 20:24
PHST- 2021/04/01 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/06/21 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/07/27 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/08/11 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/10/21 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/08/10 20:24 [entrez]
AID - S0160-4120(21)00430-X [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106805 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Environ Int. 2021 Dec;157:106805. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106805. Epub 2021 
      Aug 7.