PMID- 34436502
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20210831
IS  - 2218-1989 (Print)
IS  - 2218-1989 (Electronic)
IS  - 2218-1989 (Linking)
VI  - 11
IP  - 8
DP  - 2021 Aug 23
TI  - Cytoskeletal Arrest: An Anoxia Tolerance Mechanism.
LID - 10.3390/metabo11080561 [doi]
LID - 561
AB  - Polymerization of actin filaments and microtubules constitutes a ubiquitous 
      demand for cellular adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine-5'-triphosphate 
      (GTP). In anoxia-tolerant animals, ATP consumption is minimized during 
      overwintering conditions, but little is known about the role of cell structure in 
      anoxia tolerance. Studies of overwintering mammals have revealed that microtubule 
      stability in neurites is reduced at low temperature, resulting in withdrawal of 
      neurites and reduced abundance of excitatory synapses. Literature for turtles is 
      consistent with a similar downregulation of peripheral cytoskeletal activity in 
      brain and liver during anoxic overwintering. Downregulation of actin dynamics, as 
      well as modification to microtubule organization, may play vital roles in 
      facilitating anoxia tolerance. Mitochondrial calcium release occurs during anoxia 
      in turtle neurons, and subsequent activation of calcium-binding proteins likely 
      regulates cytoskeletal stability. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 
      formation can lead to catastrophic cytoskeletal damage during overwintering and 
      ROS production can be regulated by the dynamics of mitochondrial 
      interconnectivity. Therefore, suppression of ROS formation is likely an important 
      aspect of cytoskeletal arrest. Furthermore, gasotransmitters can regulate ROS 
      levels, as well as cytoskeletal contractility and rearrangement. In this review 
      we will explore the energetic costs of cytoskeletal activity, the cellular 
      mechanisms regulating it, and the potential for cytoskeletal arrest being an 
      important mechanism permitting long-term anoxia survival in anoxia-tolerant 
      species, such as the western painted turtle and goldfish.
FAU - Myrka, Alexander
AU  - Myrka A
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0002-1056-6839
AD  - Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 
      3G5, Canada.
FAU - Buck, Leslie
AU  - Buck L
AD  - Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 
      3G5, Canada.
AD  - Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, 
      ON M5S 3G5, Canada.
LA  - eng
GR  - 458021/Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada/
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210823
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Metabolites
JT  - Metabolites
JID - 101578790
PMC - PMC8401981
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - ROS
OT  - actin
OT  - anoxia
OT  - calcium
OT  - gasotransmitters
OT  - mitochondria
OT  - mitochondrial membrane potential
OT  - temperature
OT  - tubulin
OT  - western painted turtle
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the 
      writing of the manuscript.
EDAT- 2021/08/27 06:00
MHDA- 2021/08/27 06:01
PMCR- 2021/08/23
CRDT- 2021/08/26 12:26
PHST- 2021/06/30 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/08/13 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/08/14 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/08/26 12:26 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/08/27 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/08/27 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/08/23 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - metabo11080561 [pii]
AID - metabolites-11-00561 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/metabo11080561 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Metabolites. 2021 Aug 23;11(8):561. doi: 10.3390/metabo11080561.