PMID- 34440929
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20211129
LR  - 20211129
IS  - 2073-4409 (Electronic)
IS  - 2073-4409 (Linking)
VI  - 10
IP  - 8
DP  - 2021 Aug 21
TI  - The Interactions of Insulin and Vitamin A Signaling Systems for the Regulation of 
      Hepatic Glucose and Lipid Metabolism.
LID - 10.3390/cells10082160 [doi]
LID - 2160
AB  - The pandemics of obesity and type 2 diabetes have become a concern of public 
      health. Nutrition plays a key role in these concerns. Insulin as an anabolic 
      hormonal was discovered exactly 100 years ago due to its activity in controlling 
      blood glucose level. Vitamin A (VA), a lipophilic micronutrient, has been shown 
      to regulate glucose and fat metabolism. VA's physiological roles are mainly 
      mediated by its metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), which activates retinoic acid 
      receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs), which are two transcription 
      factors. The VA status and activations of RARs and RXRs by RA and synthetic 
      agonists have shown to affect the glucose and lipid metabolism in animal models. 
      Both insulin and RA signaling systems regulate the expression levels of genes 
      involved in the regulation of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. Interactions 
      of insulin and RA signaling systems have been observed. This review is aimed at 
      summarizing the history of diabetes, insulin and VA signaling systems; the 
      effects of VA status and activation of RARs and RXRs on metabolism and RAR and 
      RXR phosphorylation; and possible interactions of insulin and RA in the 
      regulation of hepatic genes for glucose and lipid metabolism. In addition, some 
      future research perspectives for understanding of nutrient and hormone 
      interactions are provided.
FAU - Chen, Guoxun
AU  - Chen G
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0001-6226-4050
AD  - Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 
      37996, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210821
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Cells
JT  - Cells
JID - 101600052
RN  - 0 (Insulin)
RN  - 0 (Receptors, Retinoic Acid)
RN  - 0 (Retinoid X Receptors)
RN  - 11103-57-4 (Vitamin A)
RN  - IY9XDZ35W2 (Glucose)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Glucose/*metabolism
MH  - Humans
MH  - Insulin/*metabolism
MH  - Lipid Metabolism/*physiology
MH  - Liver/*metabolism
MH  - Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
MH  - Retinoid X Receptors/metabolism
MH  - Signal Transduction/physiology
MH  - Vitamin A/*metabolism
PMC - PMC8393264
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - diabetes
OT  - glucose
OT  - insulin
OT  - lipogenesis
OT  - primary hepatocytes
OT  - retinoic acid receptor
OT  - retinoid X receptor
OT  - vitamin A
COIS- The author declares no conflict of interest.
EDAT- 2021/08/28 06:00
MHDA- 2021/11/30 06:00
PMCR- 2021/08/21
CRDT- 2021/08/27 01:08
PHST- 2021/07/31 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/08/17 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/08/19 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/08/27 01:08 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/08/28 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/11/30 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/08/21 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - cells10082160 [pii]
AID - cells-10-02160 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/cells10082160 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Cells. 2021 Aug 21;10(8):2160. doi: 10.3390/cells10082160.