PMID- 34445359
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20210915
LR  - 20210915
IS  - 1422-0067 (Electronic)
IS  - 1422-0067 (Linking)
VI  - 22
IP  - 16
DP  - 2021 Aug 11
TI  - From Menopause to Neurodegeneration-Molecular Basis and Potential Therapy.
LID - 10.3390/ijms22168654 [doi]
LID - 8654
AB  - The impacts of menopause on neurodegenerative diseases, especially the changes in 
      steroid hormones, have been well described in cell models, animal models, and 
      humans. However, the therapeutic effects of hormone replacement therapy on 
      postmenopausal women with neurodegenerative diseases remain controversial. The 
      steroid hormones, steroid hormone receptors, and downstream signal pathways in 
      the brain change with aging and contribute to disease progression. Estrogen and 
      progesterone are two steroid hormones which decline in circulation and the brain 
      during menopause. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which plays an import 
      role in neuroprotection, is rapidly decreased in serum after menopause. Here, we 
      summarize the actions of estrogen, progesterone, and IGF-1 and their signaling 
      pathways in the brain. Since the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is higher 
      in women than in men, the associations of steroid hormone changes and AD are 
      emphasized. The signaling pathways and cellular mechanisms for how steroid 
      hormones and IGF-1 provide neuroprotection are also addressed. Finally, the 
      molecular mechanisms of potential estrogen modulation on N-methyl-d-aspartic acid 
      receptors (NMDARs) are also addressed. We provide the viewpoint of why hormone 
      therapy has inconclusive results based on signaling pathways considering their 
      complex response to aging and hormone treatments. Nonetheless, while diagnosable 
      AD may not be treatable by hormone therapy, its preceding stage of mild cognitive 
      impairment may very well be treatable by hormone therapy.
FAU - Cheng, Yu-Jung
AU  - Cheng YJ
AD  - Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, 
      China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
AD  - Department of Rehabilitation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, 
      Taiwan.
FAU - Lin, Chieh-Hsin
AU  - Lin CH
AD  - Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, 
      Taiwan.
AD  - Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 
      40402, Taiwan.
AD  - Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of 
      Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
AD  - School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
FAU - Lane, Hsien-Yuan
AU  - Lane HY
AUID- ORCID: 0000-0003-2162-8174
AD  - Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, 
      Taiwan.
AD  - Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 
      40402, Taiwan.
AD  - Department of Psychiatry & Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical 
      University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
AD  - Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia 
      University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
LA  - eng
GR  - NHRI-EX110- 10816NC/National Health Research Institutes/
GR  - MOST 109-2628-B-182A-002/Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan/
GR  - 110-2314-B-182A-048 -/Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan/
GR  - 108-2410-H-039-009-MY2/Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan/
GR  - CMRPG8G1391/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital/
GR  - CMRPG8K1161/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital/
GR  - CMRPG8K1461/Chang Gung Memorial Hospital/
GR  - CMU104-S-14-04/China Medical University, Taiwan/
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210811
PL  - Switzerland
TA  - Int J Mol Sci
JT  - International journal of molecular sciences
JID - 101092791
SB  - IM
MH  - Aging/physiology
MH  - Alzheimer Disease/etiology/prevention & control
MH  - Animals
MH  - Brain/drug effects/physiology
MH  - Estrogen Replacement Therapy
MH  - Female
MH  - Humans
MH  - Menopause/drug effects/*physiology
MH  - *Nerve Degeneration/genetics/pathology/prevention & control/therapy
MH  - Postmenopause/drug effects/physiology/psychology
MH  - Risk Factors
PMC - PMC8395405
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - Alzheimer's disease
OT  - IGF-1
OT  - NMDAR
OT  - estrogen
OT  - menopause
OT  - neurodegenerative disease
COIS- The authors declare no conflict of interest. The sponsors were not involved in 
      the design of the study; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the 
      data; the writing of the report; and the decision to submit the article for 
      publication.
EDAT- 2021/08/28 06:00
MHDA- 2021/09/16 06:00
PMCR- 2021/08/11
CRDT- 2021/08/27 01:23
PHST- 2021/07/26 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/08/09 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/08/09 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/08/27 01:23 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/08/28 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/09/16 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/08/11 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - ijms22168654 [pii]
AID - ijms-22-08654 [pii]
AID - 10.3390/ijms22168654 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Aug 11;22(16):8654. doi: 10.3390/ijms22168654.