PMID- 34446347
OWN - NLM
STAT- MEDLINE
DCOM- 20220208
LR  - 20220208
IS  - 1879-3061 (Electronic)
IS  - 1043-2760 (Linking)
VI  - 32
IP  - 10
DP  - 2021 Oct
TI  - Bird evolution by insulin resistance.
PG  - 803-813
LID - S1043-2760(21)00173-9 [pii]
LID - 10.1016/j.tem.2021.07.007 [doi]
AB  - Drift of oxygen concentrations in the atmosphere was one of the main drivers of 
      the evolution of vertebrates. The drop in oxygen concentrations at the 
      Permian-Triassic (PT) boundary may have been the biggest challenge to 
      vertebrates. This hypoxic condition forced theropods to lose certain genes to 
      maximize their efficiency of oxygen usage. Recent studies show that omentin and 
      insulin-sensitive glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) are missing in the bird genome. 
      Since these gene products play essential roles in maintaining insulin 
      sensitivity, this loss forced theropods to become insulin resistant. Insulin 
      resistance may have been the key to allowing theropods to become hyperathletic 
      under hypoxic conditions and to outcompete mammals during the Triassic period. A 
      second challenge was the gradual increase in oxygen concentrations during the 
      late Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary periods when reactive oxygen species 
      (ROS) leakage from mitochondria became a problem. Since the simplest solution was 
      the expansion of body size, some theropods became bigger to reduce ROS leakage 
      per volume. Another solution was the development of a constitutively active 
      countermeasure against ROS. A recent study shows that Neoaves have constitutively 
      active nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) due to deletion of the 
      C-terminal part of the KEAP1 protein, thus allowing Neoaves to express 
      antioxidant enzymes to overcome ROS leakage.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
FAU - Satoh, Takumi
AU  - Satoh T
AD  - Department of Anti-Aging Food Research, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 
      Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji 192-0982, Japan. 
      Electronic address: satotkm@stf.teu.ac.jp.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210823
PL  - United States
TA  - Trends Endocrinol Metab
JT  - Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM
JID - 9001516
RN  - 0 (Insulins)
RN  - 0 (Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1)
RN  - 0 (NF-E2-Related Factor 2)
RN  - 0 (Reactive Oxygen Species)
RN  - S88TT14065 (Oxygen)
SB  - IM
MH  - Animals
MH  - Birds/metabolism
MH  - Humans
MH  - *Insulin Resistance/genetics
MH  - *Insulins
MH  - Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1
MH  - NF-E2-Related Factor 2
MH  - Oxygen
MH  - Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - NRF2
OT  - birds
OT  - insulin resistance
OT  - mass extinction
OT  - oxygen
OT  - theropods
COIS- Declaration of interests No conflict of interest is declared.
EDAT- 2021/08/28 06:00
MHDA- 2022/02/09 06:00
CRDT- 2021/08/27 05:50
PHST- 2021/05/05 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/06/28 00:00 [revised]
PHST- 2021/07/26 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/08/28 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2022/02/09 06:00 [medline]
PHST- 2021/08/27 05:50 [entrez]
AID - S1043-2760(21)00173-9 [pii]
AID - 10.1016/j.tem.2021.07.007 [doi]
PST - ppublish
SO  - Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2021 Oct;32(10):803-813. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.07.007. 
      Epub 2021 Aug 23.