PMID- 34447648
OWN - NLM
STAT- PubMed-not-MEDLINE
LR  - 20210828
IS  - 2168-8184 (Print)
IS  - 2168-8184 (Electronic)
IS  - 2168-8184 (Linking)
VI  - 13
IP  - 7
DP  - 2021 Jul
TI  - Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Manifestations of Acute Esophageal 
      Necrosis in Adults.
PG  - e16618
LID - 10.7759/cureus.16618 [doi]
LID - e16618
AB  - Acute esophageal necrosis (AEN), also termed "black esophagus," is a unique and 
      uncommon occurrence observed in severely sick patients. Other terminologies 
      include acute necrotizing esophagitis and Gurvits syndrome. This condition is 
      described as a darkened distal third of the esophagus observed on endoscopy and 
      presents as an upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleed, difficulty swallowing, 
      abdominal pain, fever, syncope, nausea, and vomiting. The etiology of AEN has 
      been linked to several possibilities, such as excessive gastric acid reflux, 
      hypoperfusion, and ischemia due to impaired vascular supply and hemodynamic 
      instability. Risk factors include increased age, sex (male), heart disease, 
      hemodynamic insufficiency, alcohol use, gastric outlet obstruction, diabetic 
      ketoacidosis (DKA), malnutrition, renal disease, and trauma which also have the 
      propensity to complicate disease course. An esophageal biopsy is not warranted. 
      Treatment of AEN is comprised of supportive management with intravenous fluids, 
      proton pump inhibitors (PPI), sucralfate, parenteral nutrition, and antacids. 
      Management of preexisting comorbidities associated with AEN is crucial to prevent 
      exacerbation of the disease course that could result in a poor prognosis and 
      increased mortality rates. This literature review article comprises epidemiology, 
      etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of AEN.
CI  - Copyright (c) 2021, Rehman et al.
FAU - Rehman, Obaid
AU  - Rehman O
AD  - Internal Medicine, Hamilton Medical Center, Dalton, USA.
FAU - Jaferi, Urooj
AU  - Jaferi U
AD  - Family Medicine, Hamilton Medical Center, Dalton, USA.
FAU - Padda, Inderbir
AU  - Padda I
AD  - Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
FAU - Khehra, Nimrat
AU  - Khehra N
AD  - Medicine, Saint James School of Medicine, Arnos Vale, VCT.
FAU - Atwal, Harshan
AU  - Atwal H
AD  - Medicine, Saint James School of Medicine, Arnos Vale, VCT.
FAU - Parmar, Mayur
AU  - Parmar M
AD  - Basic Sciences, Nova Southeastern University Dr. Kiran C. Patel College Of 
      Osteopathic Medicine, Clearwater, USA.
LA  - eng
PT  - Journal Article
PT  - Review
DEP - 20210725
PL  - United States
TA  - Cureus
JT  - Cureus
JID - 101596737
PMC - PMC8381445
OTO - NOTNLM
OT  - acute esophageal necrosis (aen)
OT  - black esophagus
OT  - clinical manifestations
OT  - diabetic ketoacidosis
OT  - diagnosis
OT  - endoscopy
OT  - epidemiology
OT  - gurvits syndrome
OT  - risk factors
OT  - treatment
COIS- The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
EDAT- 2021/08/28 06:00
MHDA- 2021/08/28 06:01
PMCR- 2021/07/25
CRDT- 2021/08/27 06:56
PHST- 2021/05/23 00:00 [received]
PHST- 2021/07/25 00:00 [accepted]
PHST- 2021/08/27 06:56 [entrez]
PHST- 2021/08/28 06:00 [pubmed]
PHST- 2021/08/28 06:01 [medline]
PHST- 2021/07/25 00:00 [pmc-release]
AID - 10.7759/cureus.16618 [doi]
PST - epublish
SO  - Cureus. 2021 Jul 25;13(7):e16618. doi: 10.7759/cureus.16618. eCollection 2021 
      Jul.